Rural-urban appraisal of the prevalence and factors of depression status in South Africa

Onuh, Juliana C.; Mbah, Peter O.; Ajaero, Chukwuedozie K.; Orjiakor, Charles T.; Igboeli, Emeka E.; Ayogu, Chijioke K.

doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100082

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Our survey also suggests that 17.8% of respondents reported probable anxiety (GAD-7 score ≥ 10) and 23.6% of respondents reported high-exposure ACE scores (≥4). Our data showed that probable depression, probable anxiety, and ACE prevalence varied across the nine provinces in the country, supporting earlier studies, which reported that differences in mental health risk exist across geographical areas of South Africa (13,31). Based on previous literature presenting evidence that mental health risk has significant associations with poverty (18, 32) and with higher prevalence previously reported in rural areas (33,34), this could have resulted in the diverse prevalence of mental health risk we report across the provinces.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The prevalence of probable depression and probable anxiety, and associations with adverse childhood experiences and socio-demographics: A national survey in South Africa

Craig

Rochat

Naicker

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Objective and methodsMental health problems among adults are a growing public health concern, and middle-income countries such as South Africa are disproportionally affected. Using a large scale nationally representative weighted survey, we assessed the prevalence of probable depression, probable anxiety, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and explored associations between probable depression, probable anxiety, ACEs, socio-economic status, and demographic characteristics.ResultsNationally, 25.7, 17.8, and 23.6% of respondents, respectively, reported scores of ≥10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), indicating probable depression or probable anxiety, and an ACE score of ≥4 (high exposure). Overall probable depression prevalence across South Africa varied from 14.7 to 38.8%. Both probable depression and probable anxiety were more frequently reported among adults who were: retired and older (>65 years of age), and widowed, divorced, or separated; living in metropolitan areas; and only had primary school education. In a multivariable adjusted logistic regression, the likelihood of reporting probable depression or probable anxiety was also found to increase with each standard deviation increase in the ACE score (p < 0.001), independent of other socio-demographic determinants.ConclusionThe prevalence of probable depression among respondents in South Africa varies significantly across the nine provinces. Furthermore, higher ACE score and several socio-demographic determinants were associated with a higher likelihood of probable depression and probable anxiety. Adult mental health services are urgently needed to identify groups of the population vulnerable to mental health problems for better targeting of interventions. Given the range of probable depression prevalence across the country, provincial level plans and resources should also reflect the burden of mental health problems in that province.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The prevalence of probable depression and probable anxiety, and associations with adverse childhood experiences and socio-demographics: A national survey in South Africa

Craig

Rochat

Naicker

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…Similar to Srinivasan et al, (2020) found about one in six adult women living in a rural area was depressed. Likely, Hu et al, (2019) found that the crude predicted probability of depression caseness was the highest in the rural group and similar to finding by Onuh et al, (2021) found the factors which significantly depressed respondents with incomes. The study found that in 2020, during the pandemic of COVID-19, it was found that prevalence of depressive disorders in Thailand and Roi Et province were 1.65% and 1.59% respectively, the prevalence depressive disorders in Roi Et province was 1.93%, which is higher than in any previous year.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

COVID-19 Lock-Down Affecting Mental Health in Thailand; Review and Situation

Pholputta

Glubvong²,

Amornmahaphun

et al. 2021

IJG

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Major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder are among the most commonly diagnosed mental illnesses in Thailand; both are associated with a high societal and economic burden. Treatment for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder consists of pharmacological and psychological interventions. Three commonly used psychological interventions are cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and supportive therapy. The Unprecedented crisis produced by the COVID-19 pandemic produced a mental health situation with a severe impact on both seniors and adolescents. An analysis of the impact on COVID-19 on mental health in Thailand was conducted by an investigation of data from the Roi-et public health office in Roi Et province. The data showed that in the years 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 there were respectively 1.18, 1.36, 1.51, 1.96 and 1.93 of residents with depression. Among senior citizens in the province depression was more frequent with 2.99, 3.41, 3.60, 3.99 and 5.25 of seniors diagnosed as depressed in the years 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. In the era of the COVID-19 outbreak there was a higher prevalence of psychological health problems among seniors and adolescents. The crucial outcome from spatial analysis using GIS showed the highest number of mental health problems in Kaset Wisai district and the lowest prevalence in Thung Kao Lunang district. These findings suggest that the government needs to pay more attention to psychological health among elderly people while combating COVID-19.

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“…Unfortunately, we did not find the average or distribution of CESD-R scores among a similar population to the present study in published manuscripts, even though validations were carried out in Arabic, Indonesian, and other languages [ 18 , 19 ]. However, studies using other questionnaires indicated that the extent of depressive symptoms varies in populations, and the depressive degrees among community-dwellers in rural areas such as those in the present study were lower [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Validation of the Japanese Version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Revised: A Preliminary Analysis

Tsuboi

Takakura

Tsujiguchi

et al. 2021

Behavioral Sciences

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To make the Japanese version of the CESD-R—a revised version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale (CES-D)—in the assessment of depressive symptoms in a general population. The English version of CESD-R was translated into Japanese, and back-translated into English by three native speakers of Japanese and English; then, we selected the version most completely consistent with the original items. The CESD-R was applied to 398 community-dwelling people (191 men: 48.0%, and 207 women: 52.0%) who were over 40 years old. The Japanese version of the CES-D was also carried out in the same population. Factor analysis was performed. Additionally, the correlations between the CESD-R and CES-D results were identified. The CESD-R scores showed a significantly positive correlation with CES-D scores (r = 0.74, p < 0.0005). Analysis of the CESD-R yielded a Cronbach’s alpha result of 0.90. Factor analysis revealed one principal factor in the CESD-R, whereas the original CES-D had two factors because of reversed items. The Japanese version of the CESD-R appears to have the reliability to be applicable for assessing depressive symptoms in population-based samples. However, because the Japanese expressions for some items might be unusual, our study population was also limited; further studies on other populations and on incorporating improved Japanese terminology will be needed.

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Rural-urban appraisal of the prevalence and factors of depression status in South Africa

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

The prevalence of probable depression and probable anxiety, and associations with adverse childhood experiences and socio-demographics: A national survey in South Africa

The prevalence of probable depression and probable anxiety, and associations with adverse childhood experiences and socio-demographics: A national survey in South Africa

COVID-19 Lock-Down Affecting Mental Health in Thailand; Review and Situation

Validation of the Japanese Version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Revised: A Preliminary Analysis

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