Background and objectivesMany aspects of CKD management rely heavily on patient self-care, including medication and dietary adherence, self-monitoring of BP, and daily physical activity. Growing evidence suggests that incorporating smartphone-based applications can support self-care in CKD and chronic disease more generally.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe identified applications targeting patients with CKD by conducting a search of the US Apple App Store (iOS) and Google Play Store (Android) using the following four phrases: “kidney disease,” “renal,” “dialysis,” and “kidney transplant.” We considered the first 50 applications for each search term on each application store. We adapted a previously described framework for assessment of mobile health applications to account for kidney disease–specific content areas and evaluated applications on their types of patient engagement, quality, usability, and safety. Engagement and quality were assessed by both a patient and a nephrologist, usability was assessed by a patient, and safety was assessed by a nephrologist. Overall, two patients with CKD and three nephrologists performed the evaluations. We examined pairwise correlations between patient, nephrologist, and consumer ratings of application quality.ResultsOur search strategy identified 174 unique applications on Android and 165 unique applications on iOS. After excluding applications that were not related to kidney disease, were not patient facing, or were last updated before 2014, 12 Android-only applications, 11 iOS-only applications, and five dual-platform applications remained. Patient and nephrologist application quality ratings, assessed by the net promoter score, were not correlated (r=0.36; P=0.06). Consumer ratings on the application stores did not correlate with patient ratings of application quality (r=0.34; P=0.18).ConclusionsOnly a small subset of CKD applications was highly rated by both patients and nephrologists. Patients’ impressions of application quality are not directly linked to consumer application ratings or nephrologist impressions.
Student satisfaction and examination performance are both enhanced by ophthalmology eLearning. Similar eLearning modules may be suitable for other specialties and postgraduate learning.
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AbstractsIt is suggested that simple electronic shielding effects induced by wave function antisymmetrization tend to govern the energy ordering of singlet and triplet terms within a two-electron atomic configuration. This approach gives rise to the following alternating rule: For the term of greatest orbital angular momentum within a configuration, the triplet lies below the singlet. The energy ordering reverses for the term of next highest angular momentum, and continues to alternate with each change of one unit in the orbital angular momentum until the term of lowest angular momentum is reached. In an examination of over 600 energy levels of the elements and their ions, the alternating rule reliably orders singlet-triplet energy levels in some 90% of the cases. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass einfache elektronische, von der Antisymmetrisierung der Wellenfunktion induzierte Abschirmungseffekte eine Tendenz haben die Ordnung der Triplett-und Singulettniveaus in einer atomaren Zweielektronenkonfiguration zu beherrschen. Diese Observation fiihrt zu der folgenden Alternierungsregel: Fur den Term mit den hochsten Drehimpuls in einer Konfiguration liegt der Triplett unter dem Singulett. Diese Ordnung wird fur den Term mit den nachsthochsten Drehimpuls umgekehrt, und diese Alternierung setzt mit jeder Veranderung einer Drehimpulseinheit fort, bis der Term mit den tiefsten Drehimpuls erreicht wird. Diese Regel wird in 90% von 600 Fallen verifiziert.
The single-resonance damped oscillator model for molecular polarizability is combined with the Lorentz model for the local field in order to obtain expressions describing the dielectric constant and absorption coefficient of pure condensed phases. These expressions are functions of three parameters: the transition dipole matrix element, the molecular resonance frequency, and the lifetime. It is found that condensed phases exhibit a macroscopic resonance frequency different from the molecular resonance frequency, and equations are supplied whereby one may calculate this shift. The shape of the condensed phase absorption coefficient is found to be unsymmetrical about the resonance frequency for intense bands; a method is described in which one exploits this lack of symmetry in order to find the transition dipole matrix element. Attenuated total reflection data for four liquid phase infrared bands are analyzed in terms of the absorption model.
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