Gender affirmative action (AA) in management remains a controversial topic among scholars, practitioners, and employees. While some individuals may support the use of AA policies as a means of increasing representation of women, others are not supportive at all, further understanding gender AA as an unacceptable violation of merit—even when targeted by it. With the aim of analyzing how scholars have approached the subject, we systematically reviewed 76 published articles (SCOPUS database), covering the extant literature on gender AA and management. Findings indicate a consensus regarding the common antecedents of attitudes towards gender AA with prior experiences with AA and diversity management (DM) (as well as general perceptions of AA). Performance and satisfaction appear as the predominant outcomes. In addition, while investigating the differences among AA, equal employment opportunity (EEO) and diversity management (DM), scholars are mainly focused on the effectiveness of AA as a means of increasing the inclusion of minorities in general. We conclude that despite marginal studies on employees’ attitudes toward gender AA, there is a gap in the literature, particularly an absence of research on the bivalent position of meritocracy (or merit violation) as both an antecedent and outcome of attitudes towards AA, which deserves further scrutiny.
This chapter analyzes the strategic international formulation of a SME technological service-based firm to perceive the internationalization theory that best suits the company throughout its history. The literature review of the most studied internationalization patterns—Uppsala Model, Born Globals, Born Again Globals, and Born Regionals—allowed comparison of the main characteristics of each theory vis-à-vis the firm's internationalization. A synthesis table summarizes the main characteristics of the internationalization process of each model and presents a clearer view of the particularities of each. Analysis of the primary data and interviews provided by the company's CEO made it possible to compare the internationalization process adopted by the company with those characteristics, facilitating the process of identifying the strategy followed. The present case study took into account the theoretical model with the greatest similarity of characteristics with the path followed by the firm, as well as its learning and future plans.
This study aims to understand the effect of evident sales promotion on the number of likes on Instagram. Due to the rising use of social media to communicate with the market and the promotion of products to guests, few academic investigations have been made in this area. Most technology research in the hospitality industry has focused on technology in service and production areas of operations or the use of web-based marketing for tourism operations and travel agents. The two most effective sales offer patterns were used in a 2×2 experiment, with the intention of finding out if a large amount of likes on Instagram influences the purchase intention of the product offered. Four randomized questionnaires were distributed among 4 university groups, obtaining 923 respondents. To validate the hypotheses the study proceeded with the descriptive technique and analysis of variances (ANOVA).
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