Following the concepts of crowdsourcing, co-creation or open innovation, companies are increasingly using contests to foster the generation of creative solutions. Currently, online idea and design contests are enjoying a resurgence through the usage of new information and communication technologies. These virtual platforms allow users both to competitively disclose their creative ideas to corporations and also to interact and collaborate with like-minded peers, communicating, discussing and sharing their insights and experiences, building social networks and establishing a sense of community. Little research has considered that contest communities both promote and benefit from simultaneous co-operation and competition and that both types of relationships need to be emphasized at the same time. In this article, it is argued that the firm-level concept of co-opetition might also be relevant for an innovation's success on the individual level within contest communities. Our concept of 'communitition' should include the elements of competitive participation without disabling the climate for co-operation, as numerous user discussions and comments improve the quality of submitted ideas and allow the future potential of an idea to shine through the so-called 'wisdom of the crowd'.

W La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, vol 53, no 3, mars 2008 160Objective: To address posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) predictors with research focused on the coping styles of traumatized individuals.Method: A total of 86 crime victims (mean age 46.1, standard deviation 17.6) were assessed at 5 and 11 months post-crime. Disclosure of trauma, social acknowledgement, dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions, and PTSD symptom severity were assessed by self-reports.Results: Dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions, disclosure attitudes, and social disapproval correlated positively with PTSD severity. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed the particular value of disclosure attitudes and perceived social disapproval in predicting PTSD symptom severity at 11 months post-crime. Conclusions:In addition to known predictors of PTSD, disclosure attitudes and social acknowledgement should also be considered. Future research should focus on broader concepts such as the victim's perception of, and interaction with, their social environment, and on the objective factors of social interaction, in addition to intrapersonal processes of posttraumatic recovery. Can J Psychiatry 2008;53(3):160-168Information on funding and support and author affiliations appears at the end of the article. Clinical Implications· Disclosure attitudes, for example, the pronounced urge and (or) reluctance to talk, predict PTSD symptomatology and should be considered with PTSD patients. · The lack of general social acknowledgement of the victim predicts PTSD symptomatology and should be considered with PTSD patients. · Questionnaires that reliably and validly assess disclosure attitudes and social acknowledgement may be helpful in identifying individuals at risk for PTSD. Limitations· The low response rate of the study is a problem as the predictors that were addressed likely influenced participation. · The study's longitudinal design is somewhat biased as we received data for only individual, 6-month courses within 1.5 years after traumatization. · In addition to conducting questionnaire assessments, conducting field studies with trauma victims and their relatives would be helpful for obtaining objective data on the interpersonal processes of trauma recovery.

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The ability to learn from the actions of another is adaptive, as it is a shortcut for acquiring new information. However, the evolutionary origins of this trait are still unclear. There is evidence that group-living mammals, birds, fishes and insects can learn through observation, but this has never been investigated in reptiles. Here, we show that the non-social red-footed tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria) can learn from the actions of a conspecific in a detour task; non-observer animals (without a conspecific demonstrator) failed. This result provides the first evidence that a nonsocial species can use social cues to solve a task that it cannot solve through individual learning, challenging the idea that social learning is an adaptation for social living.