Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. Monitoring of health and detection of diseases in trees is critical for sustainable agriculture. HLB symptoms are virtually the same wherever the disease occurs. The disease is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter spp., vectored by the psyllids Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Trioza erytreae. Electron microscopy was the first technique used for HLB detection. Nowadays, scientists are working on the development of new techniques for a rapid HLB detection, as there is no sensor commercially accessible for real-time assessment of health conditions in trees. Currently, the most widely used mechanism for monitoring HLB is exploration, which is an expensive, labor-intensive, and time-consuming process. Molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction are used for the identification of HLB disease, which requires detailed sampling and processing procedures. Furthermore, investigations are ongoing in spectroscopic and imaging techniques, profiling of plant volatile organic compounds, and isothermal amplification. This study recognizes the need for developing a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable health-monitoring sensor that would facilitate advancements in HLB disease detection. This paper compares the benefits and limitations of these potential methods for HLB detection.Key words: HLB, detection, trees, monitoring, health.Résumé : La maladie du dragon jaune (MDJ) est la maladie des agrumes la plus destructrice au monde. Pour assurer la durabilité agricole, il est essentiel de contrôler la santé et la présence de maladies chez les arbres. Les symptômes de la MDJ sont pratiquement les mêmes quel que soit le point d'origine de la maladie. Celle-ci est causée par Candidatus Liberibacter spp. et transmise par les psylles Diaphorina citri Kuwayama et Trioza erytreae. La technique de microscopie électronique fut le premier mode de détection de la MDJ. De nos jours, des scientifiques travaillent à l'élaboration de nouvelles techniques de détection de la MDJ puisqu'il n'existe aucun détecteur commercial permettant l'évaluation de l'état de santé des arbres en temps réel. Actuellement, on doit la plupart du temps recourir à l'exploration pour surveiller la MDJ, un processus laborieux, coûteux et pénible. On a recours à des techniques moléculaires comme la réaction de la polymérase en chaîne pour identifier la MDJ, ce qui exige un prélèvement et un traitement minutieux. Par ailleurs, on évalue présentement des techniques de spectroscopie et d'imagerie, le profilage de composés végétaux organiques volatils et l'amplification isothermique. La présente étude met en relief le besoin de mettre au point un dispositif d'analyse de l'état de santé qui serait à la fois rapide, rentable et fiable et qui permettrait de faire progresser la détection de la MDJ. Cet article compare les avantages et les limites de ces méthodes aspirant à la détection de la MDJ. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
In Mexico, mistletoes have several applications in traditional medicine due to the great variety of compounds with biological activities that have not been characterized to date. The goals of the present study are to analyze the composition of minerals and phytochemical compounds in Mexican mistletoes Phoradendron bollanum and Viscum album subs. austriacum qualitatively and quantitatively, identify the compounds using HPLC-MS, and assess the antimicrobial potential in phytopathogenic microorganism control. Mineral content was evaluated with X-ray fluorescence. Three types of extracts were prepared: ethanol, water, and aqueous 150 mM sodium chloride solution. Characterization was carried out using qualitative tests for phytochemical compound groups, analytical methods for proteins, reducing sugars, total phenol, flavonoids quantification, and HPLC-MS for compound identification. The antimicrobial activity of mistletoe’s liquid extracts was evaluated by microplate assay. K and Ca minerals were observed in both mistletoes. A qualitative test demonstrated alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and quinones. Ethanolic extract showed flavonoids, 3845 ± 69 and 3067 ± 17.2 mg QE/g for Phoradendron bollanum and Viscum album subs. austriacum, respectively, while aqueous extracts showed a total phenol content of 65 ± 6.9 and 90 ± 1.19 mg GAE/g Phoradendron bollanum and Viscum album subs. austriacum, respectively. HPLC-MS identified largely hydroxycinnamic acids and methoxycinnamic acids. Clavibacter michiganenses was successfully inhibited by aqueous extract of both mistletoes.
Fusarium oxysporum causa pérdidas en la producción de tomate, para su control se emplean fungicidas químicos que afectan el medio ambiente y causan problemas de resistencia; por lo que se han desarrollado alternativas como los extractos vegetales. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la efectividad biológica de extractos de plantas del semidesierto mexicano contra F. oxysporum bajo condiciones de invernadero. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 = A. lechuguilla hoja (250 mg L-1), T2 = C. illinoinensis ruezno (250 mg L-1), T3 = L. graveolens hoja (500 mg L-1), T4 = L. graveolens tallo (125 mg L-1), T5 = testigo químico, T6 = testigo absoluto (inoculado) y T7 = control; a los que se les evaluó la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad, y variables morfométricas. Se observó disminución de la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad con extractos de A. lechuguilla hoja y L. graveolens tallo, además de un mayor desarrollo en parámetros morfométricos de las plantas.
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Linnaeus) is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world. Still, there are phytopathogenic bacteria that cause a decrease in the yield or can kill the plant, like Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Xv), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs ) and Agrobacterium tumefeciens (At). Synthetic chemical fungicides are primarily used to control plant pathogenic bacteria, but their rapid growth makes them resistant to control. This research work is aimed at assessing the in vitro antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of Magnolia tamaulipana Vazquez leaves against Rs, Pst, Xv, Cmm, and At, as well as obtaining information about this plant species' chemical composition. The extract inhibited the growth of the five phytopathogenic bacteria that were tested. The growth inhibition rate ranged between 8.22 and 100%. The inhibitory concentration, IC<sub>50(90)</sub>, required to inhibit 50 (90%) of Pst, Xv, Cmm, and At bacterial growth, was 34.71 (39.62), 23.09 (441.88), 64.75 (176.73) and 97.72 (535.48) ppm, respectively. The phytochemical analysis detected the presence of phenols, tannins, terpenes, saponins. M. tamaulipana ethanolic extract has antimicrobial properties and it must be considered a new control agent.
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