Bionanocomposites are biocompatible, biodegradable, low‐toxicity materials inorganic/biopolymer‐based, carrying drugs for controlled delivery. The development of novel materials aiming to improve drug efficacy and reduce its toxicity is a continuous focus of the pharmaceutical industry. In this work, we report the development of an innovative controlled naproxen delivery system. The bionanocomposites are composed of naproxen‐loaded halloysite and ethylcellulose/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose blends produced by the spray drying technique. Chemical modification in the halloysite nanotubes was performed, aiming to improve the ionic interactions with the naproxen. The bionanocomposites drug‐load efficiency and interactions were characterized by physicochemical analysis. We also evaluated the naproxen release and its transport mechanism. Results show an efficient drug loading into halloysite, varying from 70% to 90%. Moreover, the naproxen release was delayed up to four times (compared with raw naproxen), that is, 48 h from nanotubes by Fickian diffusion, and sustained for 60 h from (bio)nanocomposites. The naproxen release from bionanocomposites occurred by several processes as diffusion, polymer swelling, and erosion. Furthermore, no drug was released at simulated gastric fluid, which may reduce the undesirable gastrointestinal effects. The developed bionanocomposites are potential for clinical applications for controlled drug delivery, as naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory, commonly prescribes chronic disease treatment.
Refractory shock is characterized by hemodynamic instability unresponsive to norepinephrine with a high mortality rate. As there are still doubts regarding the pharmacological benefit of the vasopressin addition, this retrospective study aimed to assess the profile of vasopressin use in the intensive care unit of a university hospital in Paraná, Brazil. The information collected was obtained through the analysis of electronic medical records. 73 patients with refractory shock, mainly of septic etiology (61.6%), were included. The dose (μg/Kg/minute) and duration of norepinephrine, upon finding refractoriness, was 35.6% infusion < 1, 34, 3% of 1-1.9, 30.1% > 2 and mean time of 1.5 days. High mortality (80.8%) was observed, with a mean hospital stay of 8.2 days. Median survival after vasopressin infusion was 4.5 days until the unfavorable outcome. Still, 80.5% of patients used other adjuvant therapy, 71.2% being corticotherapy and 9.6% dobutamine. Due to the great variability, it was not possible to define a pattern of use. There were limitations in the analysis due to the lack of clinical and prognostic information. However, the need for deepening scientific discussions and continuous updating of protocols that guide management is highlighted.
Apesar do aumento global das doenças mentais, os investimentos destinados à pesquisa de novos fármacos apresentaram uma redução expressiva na última década, fato que pode impactar negativamente na descoberta de fármacos inovadores. Os fármacos aprovados pelo FDA entre 1997 e 2017 nas áreas de neurologia e psiquiatria foram avaliados e classificados em seis diferentes categorias para identificar os fármacos inovadores para o tratamento de doenças mentais. No período avaliado, foram 192 aprovações, sendo 139 em neurologia e 53 em psiquiatria. Os resultados mostram uma tendência de diminuição do número de aprovações e inovações, com apenas 28 fármacos inovadores (14,6%), sendo os demais classificados como análogos estruturais, pró-fármacos, novas formulações, novo emprego terapêutico ou associações de fármacos. Os fármacos inovadores para doenças mentais foram aprovados somente para as doenças de Parkinson (4), Alzheimer (1) e transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (1), enquanto nenhuma inovação ocorreu para doenças importantes como depressão, esquizofrenia e transtorno bipolar.
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