Increasing numbers of refugee children are entering our public schools. In addition to carrying with them memories of untold trauma, they bring with them many special needs. This article explores these needs and ideas for assisting teachers in making our classrooms more responsive to our refugee children.

MHD-based global space weather models have mostly been developed and maintained at academic institutions. While the ``free spirit'' approach of academia enables the rapid emergence and testing of new ideas and methods, the lack of long-term stability and support makes this arrangement very challenging. This paper describes a successful example of a university-based group, the Center of Space Environment Modeling (CSEM) at the University of Michigan that developed and maintained the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) and its core element, the BATS-R-US extended MHD code. It took a quarter of a century to develop this capability and reach its present level of maturity that makes it suitable for research use by the space physics community through the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) as well as operational use by the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC).

The following article introduces an exploratory study that was designed to measure the quality of early childhood education within its ever changing sociocultural context utilizing the Early Childhood Learning Environment Rating Scale-Revised (ECERS-R) in 40 classrooms in Beijing, China. Implications for early childhood teacher education, including the education of children with exceptional needs are addressed along with recommendations for future research.The development of Chinese early childhood education is following a distinctive trend of integrating Western educational philosophy into national curriculum guidance for classroom practices. This integration process encountered many challenges due to strong influences by unique Chinese cultural and economic characteristics and requires investigation in terms of what constitutes a high quality early childhood program in mainland China. Research on the global quality of early childhood education to help international scholars and practitioners understand philosophical change in classroom applications in China is scarce. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to present an exploratory study conducted in public kindergarten classrooms using the Chinese version of Early Childhood Environment Rating Scales-Revised and provide implications for teacher education. Introduction to the Early Education System in ChinaThe population in China exceeds 1.3 billion people representing 56 national tribes from 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, and 4 municipalities (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2006). Beijing, as the capital city and municipality, has over 13 million people, which is more than the number found in New York City. In order to reduce the overwhelming population density China has enforced a one-child-per-family policy throughout the nation since 1978. Being an only child, a Chinese child faces great parental expectations regarding academic achievement starting in the early years. The limited years of compulsory education provided by the Chinese government apply to children from Grades 1 to 9 in both urban and rural areas. Prior to first grade, children usually attend early childhood programs called kindergartens, which are full-day programs serving children ages 3 to 6. Facilities for children before age 3 are considered nursery schools. Traditionally, children under 3 are more likely to stay home with grandparents. In this article we focus on kindergarten programs and the corresponding early childhood teacher education programs. Public Versus Private KindergartensKindergartens in China can be divided into two categories: private and public based on funding sources. Public kindergarten means the government-whether at the federal, province, city, or local town level-has full ownership of the school. There are generally three types of public kindergartens: (1) department of education related, (2) state organization or corporation related, and (3) local town or county related (Pang, Liu, & Hu, 2008). More than half of the Chinese people reside in rur...

We present an updated global model of the solar corona, including the transition region. We simulate the realistic three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field using the data from the photospheric magnetic field measurements and assume the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Alfvén wave turbulence and its nonlinear dissipation to be the only source for heating the coronal plasma and driving the solar wind. In closed-field regions, the dissipation efficiency in a balanced turbulence is enhanced. In the coronal holes, we account for a reflection of the outward-propagating waves, which is accompanied by the generation of weaker counterpropagating waves. The nonlinear cascade rate degrades in strongly imbalanced turbulence, thus resulting in colder coronal holes. The distinctive feature of the presented model is the description of the low corona as almost-steady-state low-beta plasma motion and heat flux transfer along the magnetic field lines. We trace the magnetic field lines through each grid point of the lower boundary of the global corona model, chosen at some heliocentric distance, R = R b  ∼ 1.1R ⊙, well above the transition region. One can readily solve the plasma parameters along the magnetic field line from 1D equations for the plasma motion and heat transport together with the Alfvén wave propagation, which adequately describe the physics within the heliocentric distance range R ⊙ < R < R b , in the low solar corona. By interfacing this threaded-field-line model with the full MHD global corona model at r = R b , we find the global solution and achieve a faster-than-real-time performance of the model on ∼200 cores.

Challenged by the national residency registration system in China, migrant children have always faced obstacles in accessing public education. Recent policy changes, however, have brought hope for these children. This article introduces some international concerns regarding migrant children and provides a close view of Chinese perspectives. Issues relating to access to public education and recommendations for policies and practices are also discussed.

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AbstractsBy adopting a citation-based recursive ranking method for patents the evolution of new fields of technology can be traced. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the laser / inkjet printer technology emerged from the recombination of two existing technologies: sequential printing and static image production. The dynamics of the citations coming from the different "precursor" classes illuminates the mechanism of the emergence of new fields and give the possibility to make predictions about future technological development. For the patent network the optimal value of the PageRank damping factor is close to 0.5; the application of d=0.85 leads to unacceptable ranking results.

High-resolution spectroscopy is the most accurate tool for measuring the properties of the solar corona. However, interpreting measured line intensities and line profiles emitted by the optically thin solar corona is complicated by line-of-sight (LOS) integration, which leads to measuring weighted averages of the plasma properties along the LOS. LOS integration effects can be removed by combining CHIANTI spectral emissivities with a 3D global model of the solar corona to calculate the contribution of all structures along the LOS to the measured intensities. In this paper, we describe SPECTRUM, a postprocessing tool that can calculate the emission from the optically thin solar corona by combining 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) space plasma simulation results with the CHIANTI database. Doppler-shifted, nonthermal line broadening due to low-frequency Alfvén waves and anisotropic proton and isotropic electron temperatures can be individually taken into account during calculations. Synthetic spectral calculations can then be used for model validation, for interpretation of solar observations, and for forward modeling purposes. SPECTRUM is implemented within the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) and is therefore publicly available. In this paper, we describe the SPECTRUM module and show its applications by comparing synthetic spectra using simulation data by the 3D MHD Alfvén Wave Solar Model with observations done by the Hinode/Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer during Carrington rotations 2063 and 2082.