Diabetes is a severe chronic disease that affects 422 million adults worldwide in 2014. It was the fifth leading cause of mortality in the Philippines in 2019. The primary cause of death of diabetic patients is due to cardiovascular disease. α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are known for their cardiovascular benefits because they prevent the postprandial glucose level from increasing, which plays a significant role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The synthesis of AGIs is complex and requires a lot of steps. Thus, there is a need to explore and discover AGIs especially from plants, which are known sources of bioactive compounds. Drug discovery entails a complex, costly, time-consuming, and risky process. Computer-aided drug discovery/ design (CADD) methods such as molecular docking and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) prediction have been developed to identify the promising compounds that will be tested in in vitro and in vivo experiments. This shortens the research process and helps reduce the expense and risk of failure for drug discovery. In this study, molecular docking was conducted to predict the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of compounds from Musa acuminata Colla peel against human intestinal α-glucosidase. Out of 87 compounds, only 11 compounds were found to have better or comparable binding affinity with the standard, acarbose (-8.8 kcal/mol) -namely, sesamin (-9.8 kcal/mol), asarinin (-9.7 kcal/mol), quercetin-7-rutinoside (-9.4 kcal/mol), kaempferol-3-rutinoside (-9.4 kcal/mol), (-)-epicatechin (-9.0 kcal/ mol), (+)-catechin (-8.9 kcal/mol), myricetin-3-rutinoside (-8.9 kcal/mol), quercetin (-8.9 kcal/ mol), kaempferol-3-rhamnoside-7-glucoside (-8.9 kcal/mol), stigmasterol (-8.9 kcal/mol), and β-sitosterol (-8.8 Kcal/mol). The prediction of ADMET properties and drug-likeness revealed how the best binding compounds may behave inside the body. Some of the compounds were found to be safe and have good absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties. They showed promising potentials that may lead to their development as drugs.
Background Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease of humans worldwide, including southeast Asia region. This review provides a comprehensive overview of questionnaire-related dengue studies conducted in the Philippines and evaluates their reliability and validity in these surveys. Methods A review protocol constructed by a panel of experienced academic reviewers was used to formulate the methodology, research design, search strategy and selection criteria. An extensive literature search was conducted between March–June 2020 in various major electronic biomedical databases including PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and ScienceDirect. A systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) were selected as the preferred item reporting method. Results Out of a total of 34 peer-reviewed dengue-related KAP studies that were identified, 15 published from 2000 to April 2020 met the inclusion criteria. Based on the meta-analysis, a poor mean score was obtained for each of knowledge (68.89), attitude (49.86) and preventive practice (64.69). Most respondents were equipped with a good knowledge of the major clinical signs of dengue. Worryingly, 95% of respondents showed several negative attitudes towards dengue prevention, claiming that this was not possible and that enacting preventive practices was not their responsibility. Interestingly, television or radio was claimed as the main source of gaining dengue information (range 50–95%). Lastly, only five articles (33.3%) piloted or pretested their questionnaire before surveying, of which three reported Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (range 0.70 to 0.90). Conclusion This review indicates that to combat the growing public health threat of dengue to the Philippines, we need the active participation of resident communities, full engagement of healthcare personnel, promotion of awareness campaigns, and access to safe complementary and alternative medicines. Importantly, the psychometric properties of each questionnaire should be assessed rigorously.
Abstract-The environment is continually deteriorating. Biodegradable wastes increase with increasing population. The problem in wastes affect the integrity of the earth. Problems in health and nutrition are common. Finding important chemicals from fruit peels like total sugars or carbohydrates, as well as alkaloids will help address daily challenges in nutrition and health. This study aimed to determine the phytochemicals present in the peels of the selected fruits obtained from Manila, Philippines. Specifically it aimed to determine the presence of total sugars and alkaloids. Further it aimed to obtain the amounts of total sugars and alkaloids in the fruit peel samples analyzed. All fruit peels from rambutan (Nepheleum lappacium), lanzones (Lansium domesticum), pomelo (Citrus grandis), longgan (Dimocarpus longana), dalandan (Citrus nobilis), ponkan (Citrus reticulata), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) qualitatively showed the presence of reducing sugars as well as glycosides. Pomelo, rambutan, longgan, and mangosteen contain tannins. Lanzones contains alkaloids. Sugars and alkaloids for lanzones gave the highest intensity in the phytochemical screening done. It was only lanzones which gave positive results to all tests related to alkaloids. The amounts of total sugars in both the diluted and stock solution (20% decoction) fruit peel samples showed a range of 1.801 to more than 164 ug/ml concentrations. The alkaloidal contents of lanzones showed 0.0312 mg/ml level at 1:9 dilution. Since the samples studied showed the presence of heavy metals, although still within the allowed limit by USP and NF, it is best to decontaminate the fruit peels or isolate and purify the active ingredient/s from it prior to the actual preparation of the pharmacologic and nutritional products.
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