Inherited and acquired metabolic disorders are responsible for renal intracellular accumulation of phospholipids. Ultrastructural analysis revealing typical myeloid or zebra bodies was previously thought to be exclusive to Fabry disease. However, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine toxicity can cause similar abnormalities. Recent studies have mentioned curvilinear bodies (CLB) in renal cells in such cases, never described in Fabry nephropathy. We report a 31-year-old patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who was on long-term hydroxychloroquine treatment. The presence of zebra bodies on electron microscopy lead to initial interpretation of Fabry disease, but subsequent genetic analysis did not show a relevant mutation. Further evaluation revealed CLB in renal cells, supporting the diagnosis of hydroxycholoroquine-induced renal phospholipidosis.

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Viral infection has been related to post-transplantation tumour development, particularly Epstein–Barr virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, and herpes virus 8. Recently, BK virus (BKV) has emerged as an important cause of tumour formation in solid organ transplant recipients. BKV oncogenic potential relates to the ability to inactivate the functions of tumour suppression proteins p53 and pRB family, and induction of chromosomal aberrations. We report a case of urinary bladder adenocarcinoma in a pancreatico-renal transplant recipient which was diagnosed 2 years after BKV infection. Immunohistochemical staining for SV-40 was positive in neoplastic cells but negative in non-neoplastic cells.