A greater insight on the control of the interactions between microalgae and other microorganisms, particularly bacteria, should be useful for enhancing the efficiency of microalgal biomass production and associated valuable compounds. Little attention has been paid to the controlled utilization of microalgae-bacteria consortia. However, the studies of microalgal-bacterial interactions have revealed a significant impact of the mutualistic or parasitic relationships on algal growth. The algal growth, for instance, has been shown to be enhanced by growth promoting factors produced by bacteria, such as indole-3-acetic acid. Vitamin B12 produced by bacteria in algal cultures and bacterial siderophores are also known to be involved in promoting faster microalgal growth. More interestingly, enhancement in the intracellular levels of carbohydrates, lipids and pigments of microalgae coupled with algal growth stimulation has also been reported. In this sense, massive algal production might occur in the presence of bacteria, and microalgae-bacteria interactions can be beneficial to the massive production of microalgae and algal products. This manuscript reviews the recent knowledge on the impact of the microalgae-bacteria interactions on the production of microalgae and accumulation of valuable compounds, with an emphasis on algal species having application in aquaculture.
Carotenoids are among the most abundant natural pigments available in nature. These pigments have received considerable attention because of their biotechnological applications and, more importantly, due to their potential beneficial uses in human healthcare, food processing, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. These bioactive compounds are in high demand throughout the world; Europe and the USA are the markets where the demand for carotenoids is the highest. The in vitro synthesis of carotenoids has sustained their large-scale production so far. However, the emerging modern standards for a healthy lifestyle and environment-friendly practices have given rise to a search for natural biocompounds as alternatives to synthetic ones. Therefore, nowadays, biomass (vegetables, fruits, yeast and microorganisms) is being used to obtain naturally-available carotenoids with high antioxidant capacity and strong color, on a large scale. This is an alternative to the in vitro synthesis of carotenoids, which is expensive and generates a large number of residues, and the compounds synthesized are sometimes not active biologically. In this context, marine biomass has recently emerged as a natural source for both common and uncommon valuable carotenoids. Besides, the cultivation of marine microorganisms, as well as the downstream processes, which are used to isolate the carotenoids from these microorganisms, offer several advantages over the other approaches that have been explored previously. This review summarizes the general properties of the most-abundant carotenoids produced by marine microorganisms, focusing on the genuine/rare carotenoids that exhibit interesting features useful for potential applications in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and medicine.
El aprendizaje autorregulado (self-regulated learning) ha recibido una atención creciente en las últimas décadas en la investigación psicopedagógica, en cuanto que su promoción en los estudiantes posibilita no sólo mejores resultados académicos, sino también una mayor autonomía y motivación, un claro protagonismo en su proceso de aprendizaje y una necesaria capacidad de transferencia a diferentes situaciones. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente artículo consiste en establecer teóricamente el estado actual de la cuestión en este campo, además de discutir acerca de las principales estrategias didácticas empleadas en la instrucción docente (enseñanza directa de estrategias, modelado, práctica guiada y autónoma, autoobservación, apoyo social y práctica autorreflexiva), atendiendo a su evolución hasta el momento actual. Finalmente, se señalan las líneas que deben contribuir actualmente al desarrollo de la investigación en este campo.
Haloferax mediterranei produces C50 carotenoids that have strong antioxidant properties. The response surface methodology (RSM) tool helps to accurately analyze the most suitable conditions to maximize C50 carotenoids production by haloarchaea. The effects of temperature (15–50 °C), pH (4−10), and salinity (5–28% NaCl (w/v)) on the growth and carotenoid content of H. mediterranei were analyzed using the RSM approach. Growth was determined by measuring the turbidity at 600 nm. To determine the carotenoid content, harvested cells were lysed by freeze/thawing, then re-suspended in acetone and the total carotenoid content determined by measuring the absorbance at 494 nm. The analysis of carotenoids was performed by an HPLC system coupled with mass spectrometry. The results indicated the theoretical optimal conditions of 36.51 or 36.81 °C, pH of 8.20 or 8.96, and 15.01% or 12.03% (w/v) salinity for the growth of haloarchaea (OD600 = 12.5 ± 0.64) and production of total carotenoids (3.34 ± 0.29 mg/L), respectively. These conditions were validated experimentally for growth (OD600 = 13.72 ± 0.98) and carotenoid production (3.74 ± 0.20 mg/L). The carotenoid profile showed four isomers of bacterioruberin (89.13%). Our findings suggest that the RSM approach is highly useful for determining optimal conditions for large-scale production of bacterioruberin by haloarchaea.
Microalgae have been widely recognized as a valuable source of natural, bioactive molecules that can benefit human health. Some molecules of commercial value synthesized by the microalgal metabolism have been proven to display anti-inflammatory activity, including the carotenoids lutein and astaxanthin, the fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and sulphated polysaccharides. These molecules can accumulate to a certain extent in a diversity of microalgae species. A production process could become commercially feasible if the productivity is high and the overall production process costs are minimized. The productivity of anti-inflammatory molecules depends on each algal species and the cultivation conditions, the latter being mostly related to nutrient starvation and/or extremes of temperature and/or light intensity. Furthermore, novel bioprocess tools have been reported which might improve the biosynthesis yields and productivity of those target molecules and reduce production costs simultaneously. Such novel tools include the use of chemical triggers or enhancers to improve algal growth and/or accumulation of bioactive molecules, the algal growth in foam and the surfactant-mediated extraction of valuable compounds. Taken together, the recent findings suggest that the combined use of novel bioprocess strategies could improve the technical efficiency and commercial feasibility of valuable microalgal bioproducts production, particularly anti-inflammatory compounds, in large scale processes.
Las Tablets son concebidas en la actualidad como uno de los principales dispositivos tecnológicos móviles capaces de promover diferentes dimensiones del aprendizaje vinculadas a la competencia digital, como el aprendizaje móvil y ubicuo, el colaborativo o el creativo, entre otros, por lo que cada vez más centros educativos han comenzado a integrarlas en sus metodologías didácticas en distintos países. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar el proceso de integración de las Tablets en los centros educativos españoles, atendiendo a algunos de los factores críticos identificados por la literatura científica reciente para el éxito de la innovación educativo-tecnológica. Se trata de un estudio de carácter descriptivo-explicativo donde se presentan los resultados de un cuestionario realizado por 1778 estudiantes de Educación Primaria y Secundaria de 31 centros y 6 comunidades autónomas. Entre los principales hallazgos destaca la ausencia de cambios significativos en los sistemas de evaluación con respecto a los métodos previos a la introducción de las Tablets; la escasa implantación de metodologías innovadoras propias de la tecnología, especialmente en lo que se refiere a los videojuegos o a la colaboración on-line; el alto grado de convivencia con otros recursos de carácter analógico, que señala la existencia de un modelo mixto de integración tecnológica; la amplia aceptación de las Tablets por parte de toda la comunidad educativa, fundamentalmente estudiantes, pero también profesores y padres y madres; y una autopercepción de mejora del rendimiento académico por parte de los alumnos atribuida al uso de las Tablets, que resulta notable en los estudiantes que obtienen altas y medias calificaciones, pero escasamente apreciable en aquellos con calificaciones bajas.
RESUMEN Los recientes movimientos de participación ciudadana han encontrado en Internet y en las redes sociales virtuales un entorno propicio para su desarrollo, lo que debe suscitar la reflexión pedagógica sobre sus posibilidades en la educación para la ciudadanía. Este artículo presenta las bases teóricas y puesta en práctica piloto de una propuesta de trabajo escolar que permita avanzar hacia un concepto de alfabetización digital que incluya tanto la competencia digital como la competencia cívica.
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