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Figure 6Error induced by ignoring the dependence of distinctness on bit rate Figure 7 Measurement error when the linear fitted interference distinctness ␥ is used sig glected. If the OSNR of 0.1 nm resolution is 30 dB, which is the worst circumstance, the total ASE noise power is about y20 dB lower than the signal power because of the approximate 1 nm bandwidth of ASE noise. The typical crosstalk signal power is y30 dB lower than the signal power, so the crosstalk signal can be neglected.As a conclusion, the 0.5 dB error dynamic range reduces from the best value of 10᎐40 dB to the practical value of 10᎐30 dB. The first reason is the change of signal polarization. The other one is that we cannot measure the corresponding distinctness in each measurement. Only the linear fitted value can be used. The effect of crosstalk also contributes to this decrease. CONCLUSIONIn this paper, we introduce a novel method to monitor the optical signal-to-noise ratio in optical transport networks using a Mach᎐Zehnder interferometer. It is a simple, robust, and low-cost method. The experiments show that the method has high accuracy and a large dynamic range. The 0.5 dB error range is 10᎐40 dB for the best condition, while the practical value is 10᎐30 dB due to the effects of polarization, crosstalk, and bit rate. REFERENCES1.

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This work presents a systematic way to design filters based on coupled transmission line model of the microstrip rectangular double split ring resonators (DSRRs). This model allows to estimate all resonance modes of DSRR and extract the quality factors of the structure for filter synthesis purpose. According to the filter specifications, the low-pass prototype parameters are used to calculate the required coupling coefficients between coupled DSRRs. The corresponding coupling coefficients are realized by using asymmetric coupled multi-conductors networks. The proposed filter synthesis approach is experimentally verified by comparing measured and simulated data using the developed models.

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