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Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is currently introduced as an alternative material for orthopedic implants due to its biocompatibility and low elastic modulus compared to titanium. Also, a sulphonation treatment can functionalize PEEK to embed therapeutical substances. The objective of this work was to functionalize a PEEK film to incorporate novel lactam-based antibiofilms compounds. PEEK samples were functionalized by sulphuric acid treatment and then dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide, where lactams were added to be incorporated into the polymer. A dip-coating technique was used to synthesize a thin film on a glass-based substrate. The degree of sulfonation (DS) and the incorporation of lactams into sulphonated PEEK (sPEEK) were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy. A DS of 65% was obtained and TGA curves confirmed the presence of SO H and lactams in the sPEEK structure. The growth of Streptococcus mutans biofilm decreased on sPEEK surface containing lactams when compared to sPEEK free of lactams. That indicated the antibiofilm activity of those compounds was maintained after incorporation into sPEEK. Planktonic growth analysis showed no long distant effects of sPEEK containing lactams, indicating that no systemic effects should be expected upon clinical uses of medical devices produced with lactam-treated sPEEK. Results revealed that inclusion of lactams into sPEEK represents a good alternative for the production of biomaterials resistant to bacterial accumulation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 3015-3020, 2016.

The aim of the current study was to analyse the planktonic growth of Streptococcus mutans on the surfaces of three implants retrieved after three different peri-implantitis treatments. Three implants from a male patient with high levels of bone loss were treated by mechanical debridement, chemical decontamination, and implantoplasty. After 4 months of follow-up, the implants were removed. The growth and biofilm formation were measured by spectrophotometry (OD630 nm) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), after 48 hours of incubation. Results showed an average of Streptococcus mutans planktonic growth over the implants of 0.21 nm (mechanical debridement), 0.16 nm (chemical decontamination), and 0.15 nm (implantoplasty). Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05 for chemical decontamination and implantoplasty). Implantoplasty and chemical decontamination showed the lowest levels of planktonic growth, indicating a possible influence of the modification procedures on the titanium surface on the initial biofilm attachment.

Considering oral diseases, antibiofilm compounds can decrease the accumulation of pathogenic species such as Streptococcus mutans at micro-areas of teeth, dental restorations or implant-supported prostheses.ObjectiveTo assess the effect of thirteen different novel lactam-based compounds on the inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation.Material and methodsWe synthesized compounds based on γ-lactones analogues from rubrolides by a mucochloric acid process and converted them into their corresponding γ-hydroxy-γ-lactams by a reaction with isobutylamine and propylamine. Compounds concentrations ranging from 0.17 up to 87.5 μg mL-1 were tested against S. mutans. We diluted the exponential cultures in TSB and incubated them (37°C) in the presence of different γ-lactones or γ-lactams dilutions. Afterwards, we measured the planktonic growth by optical density at 630 nm and therefore assessed the biofilm density by the crystal violet staining method.ResultsTwelve compounds were active against biofilm formation, showing no effect on bacterial viability. Only one compound was inactive against both planktonic and biofilm growth. The highest biofilm inhibition (inhibition rate above 60%) was obtained for two compounds while three other compounds revealed an inhibition rate above 40%.ConclusionsTwelve of the thirteen compounds revealed effective inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation, with eight of them showing a specific antibiofilm effect.