In several central nervous system diseases, it has been reported that inflammation may be related to the etiologic process, therefore, therapeutic strategies are being implemented to control inflammation. As the nervous system and the immune system maintain close bidirectional communication in physiological and pathological conditions, the modulation of inflammation through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex has been proposed. In this review, we summarized the evidence supporting chemical stimulation with cholinergic agonists and vagus nerve stimulation as therapeutic strategies in the treatment of various central nervous system pathologies, and their effect on inflammation.
Objectives Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have been reported to have elevated prolactin levels and a possible relationship between prolactin levels and the development of the disease has been proposed. However, some studies show that prolactin mediates beneficial functions in beta cells. Therefore, we review information on the roles of prolactin in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Content Here we summarize the functions of prolactin in the immune system and in pancreatic beta cells, in addition, we describe studies related to PRL levels, its regulation and alterations of secretion in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Summary Studies in murine models have shown that prolactin protects beta cells from apoptosis, stimulates their proliferation and promotes pancreatic islet revascularization. In addition, some studies in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have shown that elevated prolactin levels correlate with better disease control. Outlook Prolactin treatment appears to be a promising strategy to improve beta-cell vascularization and proliferation in transplantation and immunotherapies.
Galectins are a family of proteins with an affinity for β-galactosides that have roles in neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. Several studies indicate that patients with neurodegenerative diseases have alterations in the concentration of galectins in their blood and brain. However, the results of the studies are contradictory; hence, a meta-analysis is performed to clarify whether patients with neurodegenerative diseases have elevated galectin levels compared to healthy individuals. Related publications are obtained from the databases: PubMed, Central-Conchrane, Web of Science database, OVID-EMBASE, Scope, and EBSCO host until February 2022. A pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) is calculated by fixed-effect or random-effect model analysis. In total, 17 articles are included in the meta-analysis with a total of 905 patients. Patients with neurodegenerative diseases present a higher level of galectin expression compared to healthy individuals (MDS = 0.70, 95% CI 0.28–1.13, p = 0.001). In the subgroup analysis by galectin type, a higher galectin-3 expression is observed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD) expressed higher levels of galectin-3. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have higher levels of galectin-9. In conclusion, our meta-analysis shows that patients with neurovegetative diseases have higher galectin levels compared to healthy individuals. Galectin levels are associated with the type of disease, sample, detection technique, and region of origin of the patients.
Se ha establecido un nuevo nivel objetivo de lipoproteína de baja densidad (C-LDL) en pacientes con muy alto riesgo cardiovascular. Sin embargo, no se ha evaluado si el tratamiento con evolocumab en combinación con atorvastatina permite alcanzar estos niveles. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de evolocumab para lograr los niveles objetivo de C-LDL en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica y muy alto riesgo cardiovascular. Material y métodos: Veinte pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica y muy alto riesgo cardiovascular fueron tratados con evolocumab más atorvastatina durante 24 semanas. Se determinaron los niveles de C-LDL, C-HDL, colesterol total y triglicéridos en suero antes y después del tratamiento. Resultados: Después de las 24 semanas de tratamiento, se obtuvo un promedio del porcentaje de reducción de C-LDL de 55% y 11 de los 20 pacientes alcanzaron los niveles objetivos de C-LDL. No se encontraron diferencias en los niveles de (lipoproteínas de alta densidad) HDL ni de triglicéridos. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con evolocumab fue seguro y eficaz, ya que redujo la concentración de C-LDL en todos los pacientes; sin embargo, sólo se alcanzó el nivel objetivo de C-LDL en la mitad de los pacientes.
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