Devil rays (Mobula spp.) face intensifying fishing pressure to meet the ongoing international demand for gill plates. The paucity of information on growth, mortality, and fishing effort for devil rays make quantifying population growth rates and extinction risk challenging. Furthermore, unlike manta rays (Manta spp.), devil rays have not been listed on CITES. Here, we use a published size-at-age dataset for the Spinetail Devil Ray (Mobula japanica), to estimate somatic growth rates, age at maturity, maximum age, and natural and fishing mortality. We then estimate a plausible distribution of the maximum intrinsic population growth rate (rmax) and compare it to 95 other chondrichthyans. We find evidence that larger devil ray species have low somatic growth rate, low annual reproductive output, and low maximum population growth rates, suggesting they have low productivity. Fishing rates of a small-scale artisanal Mexican fishery were comparable to our estimate of rmax, and therefore probably unsustainable. Devil ray rmax is very similar to that of manta rays, indicating devil rays can potentially be driven to local extinction at low levels of fishing mortality and that a similar degree of protection for both groups is warranted.

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The target fishery for the spotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari in the southern Gulf of Mexico is little known. The landings of four small-scale vessels at two fishing localities were sampled and fishermen were interviewed in 2009. Rays landed at Campeche [mean ± standard deviation (SD) 1204 ± 225.3 mm disc width (DW)], fished at 30-50 km from the shore, were larger than rays landed at Seybaplaya (924 ± 206.5 mm DW), fished at 8-15 km from the shore. Ray catches were male biased off Campeche and female biased off Seybaplaya. Catch rate off Campeche was 6.6 (±4.9) rays per vessel trip and off Seybaplaya was 3.0 (±2.9) rays per vessel trip. Fishermen stated that catches of A. narinari are positively influenced by winter cold fronts, turbidity, low sea temperature, and new moon phase, and negatively influenced by the presence of cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus. Spatial variation in size composition, and sex and maturity ratios of A. narinari were evident between sites. Catch rates of A. narinari varied with individual fisherman and seasonally between months with winter cold fronts versus warmer months. Fishermen reported a general decline in catches of A. narinari over recent decades in this region.

There is a lack of basic biological information on the shark species caught in the region around the "Tres Smooth hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena (35%), silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis (27%) and blue shark Prionace glauca (25%) were the most important species of 2 004 sharks observed at La Cruz de Huanacaxtle. At Isabel Island, the most important species of 7 464 sharks sampled were S. lewini (49%) and Pacific sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon longurio (45%). This paper describes the shark species caught at these islands, the catch per unit effort of the principal species throughout the fishing season, their length frequency distributions and percent mature, and gear selectivity issues.

ABSTRACT. The southern stingray Dasyatis americana (Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928) is the most landed elasmobranch by small-scale fleets in southern gulf of Mexico. However, little is known of its life history parameters in this region. In this study, a total of 900 specimens were collected from February 2006 to December 2008 to determine the reproductive parameters needed for population assessments by means of ecological risk assessments or demographic analysis. Results suggested that females of D. americana reproduce annually, with a gestation of 7-8 months. The reproductive cycle of females is asynchronous, with ovulation and parturition occurring throughout the year. Females and males matured at 764 and 517 mm disc width (DW 50 ) respectively. D. americana has one of the highest fecundity among dasyatids, from 2 to 7 embryos, with a sex ratio of embryos of 1:1. A linear relationship between maternal DW and fecundity was estimated, the larger females contain more embryos. The status of the population of D. americana is a cause of concern in the southern gulf of Mexico due to its high frequency of capture in artisanal fisheries and its apparently low biological productivity. Keywords: Dasyatis americana, disc width at maturity, reproductive cycle, fecundity, gulf of Mexico. Parámetros reproductivos de la raya látigo americana Dasyatis americanaen el sur del golfo de México RESUMEN. La raya látigo americana Dasyatis americana (Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928), conocida como balá en México, es el elasmobranquio más capturado y desembarcado por flotas artesanales en el sur del golfo de México. Sin embargo, se conoce poco de sus parámetros de historia de vida en esta región. En este estudio, fueron analizados 900 ejemplares entre febrero 2006 y diciembre 2008 para determinar los parámetros reproductivos necesarios para evaluaciones poblacionales por medio de análisis demográficos o evaluaciones de riesgo ecológico. Los resultados sugieren que las hembras de D. americana se reproducen anualmente, con una gestación de 7-8 meses aproximadamente. El ciclo reproductivo de las hembras es asincrónico, con la ovulación y alumbramiento ocurriendo a lo largo de todo el año. Las hembras y los machos maduran a los 764 y 517 mm de ancho de disco (AD 50 ), respectivamente. D. americana tiene una de las fecundidades más altas entre los dasyatidos, de 2 a 7 embriones, y con una proporción de sexos de 1:1 en los embriones. Existe relación significativa lineal entre la longitud de las hembras y la fecundidad, las hembras más grandes contenían más embriones. El estado de la población de D. americana es motivo de preocupación en el sur del golfo de México debido a que es muy frecuente en las capturas de pesquerías artesanales y a que su productividad biológica es aparentemente baja. Palabras clave: Dasyatis americana, longitud de madurez, ciclo reproductivo, fecundidad, golfo de México.

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