This systematic review demonstrated no differences between ABP versus placebo/no intervention when using to prevent SSI and intra-abdominal and distant infections in patients at low risk undergoing eLCC.

We read with interest the recent article by Gravestock et al. 1 about the effect of narrowband imaging-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumor compared with white light on recurrence rates in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The authors performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on this topic, including only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to utilize the highest possible level of evidence. However, previous systematic reviews included observational studies that showed different results. Those previous studies represent real-world data (RWD) as they correspond to clinical information that produced new knowledge. 2 In this setting, where RCTs are scarce or difficult to reproduce, the inclusion of observational studies could provide greater applicability to clinical practice instead of leading to decisions based on results from a limited number of studies or patients.In addition to the comment above, we would like to point out four further considerations concerning the information sources and search strategy used. First, no information was provided about the review protocol or the existence of a registration number. Second, the search strategy for each database was not described, which is mandatory for all systematic reviews. Third, the authors limited their search to studies published in the English language, which is not acceptable since there might be many other relevant studies published in different languages. Finally, the authors did not look for unpublished literature. These aspects are included in the criteria set out by the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews, which require authors to reproduce their search strategies and to limit publication and selection bias. 3,4 In conclusion, although this is an interesting systematic review and meta-analysis, we highlight some methodological aspects that should not be overlooked. Furthermore, despite the importance of evidence synthesis with the highest possible level of evidence, it is essential not to lose sight of the value of RWD and real-world evidence.

The aim of this scoping review was to identify knowledge gaps and to describe the current state of the research on the association between TMPRSS2 and the essential beta coronaviruses (Beta-CoVs) infection and the molecular mechanisms for this association. We searched MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). We included 13 studies. Evidence shows an essential role of TMPRSS2 in Spike protein activation, entry, and spread into host cells. Co-expression of TMPRSS2 with cell surface receptors (ACE2 or DPP4) increased virus entry. This serine protease is involved in the formation of large syncytia between infected cells. TMPRSS2 cleaved the Spike protein of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV, and increased virus propagation. Accumulating evidence suggests that TMPRSS2 is an essential protease for virus replication. We highlighted its critical molecular role in membrane fusion and the impact in viral mRNA replication, then promoting/driving pathogenesis and resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00203-021-02727-3.

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Objective: This review aimed to analyze interventions raised within primary and tertiary prevention concerning the disease's incidence, progression, and recurrence of Prostate Cancer (PCa). Priority was given to the multidisciplinary approach of PCa patients with an emphasis on modifiable risk factors. Materials and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review in the following databases: Embase, Central, and Medline. We included the most recent evidence assessing cohort studies, case-control studies, clinical trials, and systematic reviews published in the last five years. We only included studies in adults and in vitro or cell culture studies. The review was limited to English and Spanish articles. Results: Preventive interventions at all levels are the cornerstone of adherence to disease treatment and progression avoidance. The relationship in terms of healthy lifestyles is related to greater survival. The risk of developing cancer is associated to different eating habits, determined by geographic variations, possibly related to different genetic susceptibilities. Discussion: PCa is the second most common cancer in men, representing a leading cause of death among men in Latin America. Prevention strategies and healthy lifestyles are associated with higher survival rates in PCa patients. Also, screening for anxiety and the presence of symptoms related to mood disorders is essential in the patient's follow-up concerning their perception of the condition.

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Cancer's natural history and clinical outcome depend upon complex interactions among tumour cells, the immune system and host body homeostasis. Oncoimmunology is a new pillar of cancer therapy adding to surgery, chemo-and radiotherapy, and it is just the tip of an iceberg of new opportunities to improve patient recovery, recently demonstrated by the strategies that have motivated the 2018 Nobel Prize in Medicine. [1][2][3] A hyperinflammatory state depletes antioxidant defences and suppresses lymphocyte function. In cancer patients, immunosuppression installs by diverse mechanisms, including increased inflammatory and oxidant stress. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitric oxide, reactive nitrogen species may play a double-faced role in cancer, entailing protumorigenic and tumour-suppressing effects in early and later stages, respectively. In that sense, antioxidants could be deleterious in the escape phase (3rd phase) during which ROS or nitric oxide would have a pro-tumour effect, depending on