Purpose This study aims to apply the modified Walker-Unger model to show the degree of attractiveness of a country for Mexican-based money launderers to send their illicit funds for the 2000–2015 time period. Design/methodology/approach The modified Walker-Unger model is used to conduct the analysis, as it combines several independent variables related to an illicit financial activity. These allow the researcher to investigate the attractiveness of a market to money launderers and the possible economic effects of money laundering. In total, 13 categories of indicators were used, namely, gross national product per capita; banking secrecy; government attitude; society for worldwide interbank financial telecommunication membership; financial deposits; conflict; corruption; Egmont group membership; language; trade; culture, colonial background; and physical distance. Findings Model results suggest the preferred destinations for Mexican-based money launderers from 2000 to 2015 were Bermuda (i.e. from 2000–2004), Canada (i.e. in 2005 and 2006) and Monaco (i.e. from 2007–2015). Research limitations/implications Timing and availability of reliable data after 2015. Practical implications Aids in continuing to empirically validate the Walker-Unger model. There is little literature on models that quantify money laundering activity. Social implications May aid policymakers in targeting anti-money laundering policy to more relevant countries. Originality/value The first empirical investigation that looks to quantify money launderer activity in Mexico. Contributes to the limited literature of quantitative investigations on money laundering.

Over the course of calendar year 2019, businesses around the globe have experienced supply chain disruption due to the COVID-19 global pandemic. The strategic significance of the supply chain has been thrust into the forefront for businesses, economies, and society at large. It has become recognized by researchers and industry that there is a need for higher efficiency within the supply chain while remaining responsive to consumer needs. However, the fragmented and diverse nature of supply chain management, coupled with the complex accountancy and financial outputs of the supply chain, has resulted in limited development of a theoretical foundation specific to supply chain management. The aim of this investigation was to develop a new model (the Supply Chain Efficiency Ratio) that measures supply chain efficiency using financial ratios and by extending the Efficiency Model. Data for this investigation were obtained from U.S.-based public discount stores in the United States. The results of the multiple regression performed indicated that the Supply Chain Efficiency Ratio holds predictive value of an organization's supply chain efficiency p<.0005. From the study it was found that the Supply Chain Efficiency Ratio can be used as an indicator of supply chain efficiency in discount stores.

Purpose Although economists and academics have studied money laundering for several decades, there continues to be gaps in the research due to a lack of reliable data on money laundering activity, and a lack of detailed sources and methods of collection in government-based reporting. The purpose of this study is to apply the Walker-Unger gravity model and examine US-based money launderer preference for the 2000-2020 time frame. This paper then compares those results with previous applications of the model and identifies trends, which may serve as the foundations of a money launderer preference theory. The results of the investigation ranked countries by preference of US-based money launderers and determined that there was consistency in country destination preference even during recessionary periods. Design/methodology/approach The Walker–Unger gravity model as applied by Roman et al. (2021) is used to conduct the investigation, to maintain consistency in the application of the Walker–Unger model and further the objective of validating the attractiveness simulation. The model tests the predictive capability of the independent variables to establish the degree of attractiveness each country represents for the funds of US-based money launderers. A score is generated by the model, which is then used to analyze and interpret its significance in relation to all sampled countries. Findings Model results reveal the countries with the highest attractiveness for US-based money launderers during 2000–2020 were Australia, the Bahamas, Bermuda, Canada, Cayman Islands, Norway, Monaco, Puerto Rico, Switzerland and the USA. Model results show that over the two decades the proportion of money flow scores changed but not to a degree that would alter the country preference of US-based money launderers. US-based money launderers tended to use the same countries for their illicit financial activities, regardless of the state of the legitimate economy. Research limitations/implications One of the limitations of the model is that it does not show the effect of money laundering on legitimate economic activity. Practical implications The model results will give insight into the preferred destination of US-based money launderers and therefore frame one component of money laundering activities in the USA for the examined time period. Social implications A secondary objective of this study is to evaluate if any changes to US-based money launderer preferences occurred during the three most recent periods of economic downturn in the USA. Originality/value The model results will give insight into the preferred destination of US-based money launderers and therefore frame one component of money laundering activities in the USA for the examined time period. A secondary objective of this study is to evaluate if any changes to US-based money launderer preferences occurred during the three most recent periods of economic downturn in the USA. The periods chosen are the 2001 9/11 terrorist attacks, the 2007/08 global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESUMENLa actividad económica en España ha experimentado en la última década un fuerte retroceso. La disminución de la actividad económica en general y de la construcción en particular ha afectado a todos los sectores económicos. Los Ayuntamientos españoles, dado su modelo de financiación, se han visto directamente afectados en sus presupuestos de ingresos y gastos. La disminución de los ingresos asociados a la actividad urbanística ha sido considerada en muchos casos responsable del deterioro de las cuentas municipales. El objeto de este trabajo es analizar cuál ha sido el impacto de la crisis de la actividad urbanística en la situación económico-financiera de los Ayuntamientos. Para ello, se ha analizado qué ingresos están asociados a la actividad urbanística, su evolución y su impacto en los presupuestos municipales de ingresos y gastos en el periodo 2005-2013. El análisis realizado permite concluir que, en general, los municipios españoles han podido sobrevivir a la crisis reduciendo significativamente sus inversiones y sustituyendo los ingresos procedentes del urbanismo por otros ingresos propios. Palabras clave: crisis, ayuntamientos, ingresos urbanísticos, actividad municipal, inversiones ABSTRACTEconomic activity in Spain has suffered a strong decline in the last decade. The fall in economic activity, namely the building activity, has severely affected all economic sectors. Spanish cities, due to its funding model, have been directly affected in its income and expenditure budgets. The decline in revenue associated to urban development has frequently been considered responsible for the deterioration of municipal accounts. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the crisis of the urban development in Spain in the economic and financial situation of the municipalities. In order to achieve this goal, we analyzed what incomes are associated with urban development, its evolution and its impact on municipal budgets of income and expenses in the period [2005][2006][2007][2008][2009][2010][2011][2012][2013].The analysis leads to the conclusion that, in general terms, have been able to survive the crisis mainly by reducing their investments and by replacing revenues with other income.

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