Southern Europe is recurrently being hit by forest fires affecting wildland-urban interface (WUI) areas which, particularly in the last decade, have resulted in tremendous consequences. In the years to come, self-protection of communities will be a first priority over fire suppression, demanding better fire-resistant and resilient WUI scenarios through actions grounded on solid and sound regulations and legislation. As of today, the European Union as a whole, and the Member States in particular, are belatedly articulating new and appropriate regulations and implementing policies for the protection of WUI areas against forest fires. Spain is one of the EU Member States, holding 1.1 million ha of WUI areas (above 4% of the total forested land) and experiencing an average of 12,500 forest fires per year over the past decade. In this paper a review of the state of the art on regulations, codes, plans and recommendations on WUI fire prevention and management in Spain is presented. Shortcomings due to the current lack of building and urban planning standards and technical codes for WUI communities are highlighted. We underline some paramount needs to be covered by scientific research and fire engineering in particular topics. Some of them have received little attention in the literature related to European WUI fires while some others have been almost unexplored, such as planning of low-fuel fringes, design of road networks and accessibility, dimension of water supply networks, study of ignitability and combustibility of residential vegetation, role of construction methods and materials, and the wildland-industrial interface. Outcomes from research activities on such topics should lead to appropriately drive and inform the policy making processes on WUI fire prevention and management in Spain and, by extension, in other Southern European countries under a similar situation.
La campagne d’Afrique de l’Unión Liberal.Une Crimée espagnole ?D’une manière générale et selon les lieux communs de l’historiographie qui a abordé la politique extérieure de la deuxième moitié du règne d’Elisabeth II, les interventions armées de cette époque ont été interprétées d’une manière romantique, quijotesca et sans objectifs définis. La guerre que l’Espagne entreprit contre le Maroc fut considérée sous ses paramètres. Cette série de topiques sera mise en question dans cet article qui aura pour but de retracer les causes qui favorisèrent le conflit et son impact ultérieur dans les schémas d’articulation et de socialisation des discours nationalistes. Cette étude traitera aussi du poids de la politique intérieure et de l’importance exercée par l’opinion publique au moment d’orienter la politique extérieure espagnole. Le schéma analytique de ce travail prétend dépasser la simple narration des phases du conflit pour aborder les débats qui s’organisèrent autour des stratégies à suivre au sujet des alliances de l’Espagne avec les principales puissances européennes (l’Angleterre victorienne et la France de Napoléon III) et de leurs intérêts respectifs en Nord-Afrique.
The Union´s Liberal military expedition in Morocco. ¿An Spanish Crimean War ?From a general perspective the Spanish international interventions in the wars against Peru and Chile during the “bajoisabelino” period have been described as a part of a romantic and undefined foreign policy. Nevertheless this paper tries to refute this interpretative paradigm and to analyse the main reasons of the conflict and its impact in the articulation of nationalist rhetoric. Along this line, it also studies the leading role of the domestic policy and the public opinion to guide the foreign policy. Finally, this approach shed light into the research on international relations in two important topics, the relations between Spain and the most European powerful countries (the Victorian England and Napoleon III regime) and its strategies in the Northern Africa.
En general, ha constituido un lugar común en la historiografía que ha abordado la política exterior del periodo bajoisabelino la consideración de estas intervenciones como románticas, quijotescas y sin objetivos definidos. La guerra que España sostuvo con Marruecos ha sido generalmente interpretada bajo estos parámetros. Esta serie de tópicos son cuestionados en un artículo que rastrea las causas que impulsaron el conflicto y su posterior impacto en la articulación y socialización de discursos nacionalistas. Pero también el peso de la política doméstica y la trascendencia ejercida por la opinión pública a la hora de dirigir la política exterior. Un análisis que trasciende el seguimiento de los episodios bélicos para abordar las estrategias en disputa que debían regir la vinculación de España con las principales potencias europeas (la Inglaterra victoriana y la Francia de Napoleón III) y sus respectivos intereses norteafricanos
A series of novel seismic and landslide hazard studies funded by the Chilean Housing and City Planning Ministry were carried out in the Santiago Metropolitan Region in the aftermath of the 2010 Chile earthquake by university geoscientists and urban planning consultants. The studies aimed to suggest modifications of urban planning regulating plans. Interaction of geoscientists with urban planners, architects and other professionals proved to be challenging in order to get successful results. Issues such as work scale, terminology, lack of experience from policy makers in this kind of studies and shortcomings of the territorial planning instruments in enforcing restrictions in risk areas were identified. In this paper we summarize the conducted geohazard studies and discuss the main experiences arising from interaction between geoscientists and urban planners.
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