Background: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a health problem in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria from dental infections and determine bacterial resistance to antibiotics used in dental care in the primary dentition. Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 60 children who presented for dental treatment for active dental infections in the primary dentition. Samples from dental infections were collected and bacteria were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics was determined by colony forming units on agar plates containing amoxicillin, clindamycin and amoxillicin-clavulanic acid (A-CA) tested at 8 lg/ml or 16 lg/ml. Results: Clindamycin in both concentrations tested (8 lg/ml and 16 lg/ml) showed the highest bacterial resistance (85.9%), followed by amoxicillin (43.7%) and A-CA (12.0%). All comparisons among the three antibiotics used in the study exhibited statistical significance (p = <0.05) in both concentrations tested (8 lg/ml and 16 lg/ml), and under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The most prevalent resistant species identified by PCR in primary dentition infections were: Streptococcus oralis and Prevotella intermedia (75.0%); Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis (48.3%); Streptococcus mutans (45.0%); Campylobacter rectus; and Streptococcus salivarius (40%). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that A-CA exhibited the lowest bacterial resistance for clinical isolates in primary dentition infections.

The aim of this study was to characterize the main periodontal bacterial species in Down syndrome (DS) pa-tients with and without periodontitis. Method: This cross-sectional study involved 75 DS patients, 45 with and 30 without periodontitis. Informed consent, health and dental questionnaires and periodontitis diagnosis were performed. PCR and LAMP assays were performed on subgingival dental plaque sample. Results: Tannerella forsythia was the most frequent bacteria detected in the group with and without periodontitis (95.5 and 63.3%) followed by Treponema denticola (88.8 and 50%) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (53.3 and 25% respectively). There were statistical differences between groups (p&lt;0.05). Pg fimA type I was the most frequent Porphyromonas gingivalis genotype. Two different sets o primers (Aa-F/Aa-R and ltx3/ltx4) were used to detect Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and different frequencies were obtained, (68% and 14.6% respectively), they had a weak correlation (Cohen Kappa=0.16). After sequencing of PCR products, ltx3/ltx4 showed more specificity. JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans was not detected in any sample. Conclusions: The composition of oral biofilm is fundamental for the development of periodontal disease independently of immunological alterations associated with DS. The frequency of detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans reported in the literature has a wide range, because the primers and probes applied.

Objective:To determine the factors associated with the prevalence of dental caries and decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT) in adolescents and young adults using logistic and negative binomial regression. Methods:A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted on a sample of 638 subjects 16-25 years of age in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Binary logistic regression was used to generate a model of the prevalence of caries and negative binomial regression was used to model the caries experience (DMFT index). Clinical examination was carried out by dentists trained in the criteria of caries (WHO). The independent variables were collected using questionnaires. Analyses were performed in Stata. Results:In multivariate models, it was observed that lower maternal education (OR = 1.95), dental health services utilization (DHSU) (OR = 2.25) and reporting "good" oral health (OR = 0.34) were associated (p <0.05) with the prevalence of caries (DMFT> 0). For those who experience caries (DMFT), female gender, lower maternal education and DHSU increased the expected mean of DMFT by 26%, 22.4% and 36.7%, respectively. In addition, self-reported "regular" and "good" oral health declined 30.0% and 47.0%, the expected average DMFT. Conclusions:The variables associated with the prevalence of caries (DMFT> 0) and the DMFT were the same in the models used, except for sex. The mother's schooling proved the existence of certain socioeconomic inequalities in oral health.

An 18-year-old male patient presented with a swelling in the neck with presumptive diagnosis of epidermal cyst (EC) that was enucleated, histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. Four years later the patient presented with another swelling with similar clinical features. It was located on the midline of the neck at the hyoid bone. Excision of cyst was done and microscopically it showed features of thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC). Two months later a new swelling was noted on the right side of the neck. A complete surgical excision was done and the lesion was diagnosed as a lymphoepithelial cyst. The purpose of this report was to analyze each of the entities that were present in this case; since, the presence of three different cervical cystic lesions in the same patient is uncommon.