Abstract. This article deals with the value of research and development (R&D) indicators before, during and after the economic crisis of [2008][2009]. Higher R&D intensity and higher R&D manpower are found to be predictors of improved firm performance. On the example of four countries with various level of R&D, we try to show if crisis influences this area of economy in the selected countries, namely, Germany, Finland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. We analysed the period of 2006-2014, as the indicators of the year 2015 are still not available, paying particular attention to Slovakia. For the analysis, such indicators were chosen: expenditures on research and development per inhabitant and as a per cent of GDP; number of university graduates; number of companies in high-technology sector and total high-tech trade (export and import) as a per cent of total trade. According to analysed indicators, the leading countries in research and development were Finland and Germany. Slovakia reached the worst results in expenditures to R&D. Another conclusion of our research was that the crisis does not cause significant changes in research and development area. Despite the fact that in the years 2008 and 2009 there were lower values of some R&D indicators compared to the other years, the crisis did not make a serious impact on analysed sphere. We agree with the conclusion of M. Mazzucato (2015) that there should be more debate about actual composition of investment; how to invest strategically in key areas, such as research and development, education and human capital formation that will increase gross domestic product (GDP) in the future (bringing the debt/GDP ratio down as a consequence); and how to engage in a debate about the direction of change so that such investments will result in growth which is not only smarter (innovation-led) but also inclusive and sustainable [15].The interest in the relation between technology and competitiveness dates back to the so-called neo-technological trade theories of the 1960s concerning technology gap, product cycle etc. (Dosi, Soete, 1988) [3]. Since these issues were first introduced by Posner (1961), Vernon (1966) (In: Fagerberg, 1996 [5] and others, economic theory has changed considerably. Trade theorists started to apply the insights from models of imperfectly competitive markets to the analysis of international trade and world-wide competitiveness. Differences across countries in the efficiency of R&D and other technological activities have also been emphasised by the recent literature on national systems of innovation (Fagerberg, 1996) [5], competition and competitiveness growth through the creation of innovative products and technologies [11], human capital quality, and the stability of the economic environment and the quality of businesses management. For example, Morozumi and Veiga (2016) [16] state that empirical results based on a newly assembled dataset of 80 countries over the 1970-2010 period of time suggest that particularly when institutions prompt governments to...
In publications regarding real estate market analysis, one can find a statement that demography has a crucial impact on the real estate market only over the long term. Such a conclusion usually results in disregarding demography as an independent variable of real estate market analysis conducted to assess the value of property. On the example of the Subcarpathian town of Jarosław, the author indicates that demography should nowadays be particularly taken into account when assessing commercial property value. Demographic changes over the last few years have been so substantial that ignoring them in real estate price prognosis would certainly be a huge mistake. Demography does not only mean quantity; it means quality changes as well. A quickly aging society along with the migration of young people to big cities in search of a job has significantly influenced the changes of a consumer's wallet wealth. Assuming that all other variables describing the real estate market do not impact its value, it can be indicated that demography can be an essential factor that influences statistical reasoning.
The relevance of the article is related to the need to modernize school education in Ukraine in the context of reform on the basis of the best world standards and models. The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of Kaizen technology in secondary education, to substantiate the content of the regional educational program of teachers’ professional development on this basis. The research methods are theoretical analysis, synthesis, modeling, systematization, generalization and survey. The results of the research are following: the essence of the possibilities of Kaizen technology in secondary education is revealed, the complex of approaches to the program content development is determined and its content is substantiated. There are three modules such as “The essence and origins of Kaizen technology”, “Lean-education”, “Management in education based on Kaizen technology”. Conclusions: Kaizen technology is a long-term strategy of personal development, based on the creativity of the teacher; mastery of Kaizen is carried out in three stages; the updated content of teacher advanced training is based on a set of scientific approaches; the criterion for the effectiveness of Kaizen technology and its purpose is the professional readiness of teachers for creative and constructive professional activity and continuous self-development.
Through a selection of texts from the Kierkegaard´s Journals, an analysis is made of the Danish theologian's criticism and father of the Protestant Reformation: Luther. Starting with the figure of Socrates, the article looks at the most important aspects of this critique: the concept of the Reformation, the relationship to the Holy Scriptures and the concept of Christianity, the Christian-political relationship, the conditions of martyrdom and imitation, and the role of divine Grace. The conclusion is that while Luther can be understood as a corrective to the Christianity of his time, Kierkegaard was also a corrective to his own time.
Red Bull is one of the brands with exquisite reputation in the energy drink market. The company has established the entire segment in Europe. At present, it still accounts for a signifi cant share of total beverage sales in the segment. The paper focuses on the characterization of the Slovak energy drinks market and customer behavior in the market. The consumption of energy drinks grows every year, and an increase in the importance of this market is to be observed. Despite the existence of much cheaper competing products with the seemingly same eff ects Red Bull holds a very good position on the Slovak market. The study also presents an explanation of the situation, i. e. that in addition to excellent marketing, the standard quality of the basic product is also important in this respect. The company is gaining a good reputation also by off ering a truly identical product in all EU countries without exception
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