Abstract. This article deals with the value of research and development (R&D) indicators before, during and after the economic crisis of [2008][2009]. Higher R&D intensity and higher R&D manpower are found to be predictors of improved firm performance. On the example of four countries with various level of R&D, we try to show if crisis influences this area of economy in the selected countries, namely, Germany, Finland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. We analysed the period of 2006-2014, as the indicators of the year 2015 are still not available, paying particular attention to Slovakia. For the analysis, such indicators were chosen: expenditures on research and development per inhabitant and as a per cent of GDP; number of university graduates; number of companies in high-technology sector and total high-tech trade (export and import) as a per cent of total trade. According to analysed indicators, the leading countries in research and development were Finland and Germany. Slovakia reached the worst results in expenditures to R&D. Another conclusion of our research was that the crisis does not cause significant changes in research and development area. Despite the fact that in the years 2008 and 2009 there were lower values of some R&D indicators compared to the other years, the crisis did not make a serious impact on analysed sphere. We agree with the conclusion of M. Mazzucato (2015) that there should be more debate about actual composition of investment; how to invest strategically in key areas, such as research and development, education and human capital formation that will increase gross domestic product (GDP) in the future (bringing the debt/GDP ratio down as a consequence); and how to engage in a debate about the direction of change so that such investments will result in growth which is not only smarter (innovation-led) but also inclusive and sustainable [15].The interest in the relation between technology and competitiveness dates back to the so-called neo-technological trade theories of the 1960s concerning technology gap, product cycle etc. (Dosi, Soete, 1988) [3]. Since these issues were first introduced by Posner (1961), Vernon (1966) (In: Fagerberg, 1996 [5] and others, economic theory has changed considerably. Trade theorists started to apply the insights from models of imperfectly competitive markets to the analysis of international trade and world-wide competitiveness. Differences across countries in the efficiency of R&D and other technological activities have also been emphasised by the recent literature on national systems of innovation (Fagerberg, 1996) [5], competition and competitiveness growth through the creation of innovative products and technologies [11], human capital quality, and the stability of the economic environment and the quality of businesses management. For example, Morozumi and Veiga (2016) [16] state that empirical results based on a newly assembled dataset of 80 countries over the 1970-2010 period of time suggest that particularly when institutions prompt governments to...
In publications regarding real estate market analysis, one can find a statement that demography has a crucial impact on the real estate market only over the long term. Such a conclusion usually results in disregarding demography as an independent variable of real estate market analysis conducted to assess the value of property. On the example of the Subcarpathian town of Jarosław, the author indicates that demography should nowadays be particularly taken into account when assessing commercial property value. Demographic changes over the last few years have been so substantial that ignoring them in real estate price prognosis would certainly be a huge mistake. Demography does not only mean quantity; it means quality changes as well. A quickly aging society along with the migration of young people to big cities in search of a job has significantly influenced the changes of a consumer's wallet wealth. Assuming that all other variables describing the real estate market do not impact its value, it can be indicated that demography can be an essential factor that influences statistical reasoning.
Introduction. Working with the public is a priority issue for management. It should be not just a one-time act, but long, well planned process. Public relations is a multiform tool for marketing communication, widely used by managers in their business activities. It requires knowledge of marketing, journalism, creativity, and profound knowledge of the Internet environment. In order to keep businesses competitive, it is necessary to invest in the knowledge and skills of managers to upgrade their capabilities to manage relationships with the wide public. In order to understand how the Internet environment transforms views on the business and influences its products, it is important to explore the perception of the Internet environment by the consumers. That is why the purpose of this paper is to examine the views of consumers on the forms and effectiveness of PR on the Internet. Results. We undertook a survey focused on the use of public relations tools in the online environment. It was conducted online in Slovakia from February to March, 2017, and included 357 respondents of different age and social groups. We have established 4 hypotheses. Each hypothesis consisted of a zero and alternative hypotheses. Using correctly selected statistical methods, we sought dependencies among variables based at questionnaire responses. In Hypothesis 1 we examined whether random respondents had knowledge of the concept of «Public Relations», depending on the level of education; in Hypothesis 2 -whether there is dependence between the respondent's gender and paying attention to online advertising; in Hypothesis 3 -whether there is dependence between work position and the length of time the respondent spends on the Internet; in Hypothesis 4 we found out which factors, including age, affect respondents when they decide to make e-shop purchases. Conclusion. The research results based at the undertaken survey point to the fact that the most powerful factor in making decision on purchase via e-shop is the price of the product, the credibility of the site, and the communication with the vendor through the chat windows together with the connection with age of the respondents. At the same time, gender does not play a significant role in attention to on-line advertising, and job position in perception of consumers does not influence the amount of time they can spend on the Internet. Our findings show direction for PR strategies development in the Internet and indicate areas of prior attention to businessmen. Keywords: Management; Public Relations; PR; Internet Environment; Consumer; E-shop; On-line Shopping JEL Classification: M31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.V165-25 Завадскі Я. кандидат економічних наук, професор, Університет Матея Бела, Банська Бистриця, Словаччина Шатанова А. кандидат економічних наук, професор, Міжнародна школа менеджменту ISM Словаччина, Прешів, Словаччина Гвіздова Е. кандидат економічних наук, старший викладач, Міжнародна школа менеджменту ISM Словаччина, Прешів, Словаччина Управління зв'язками з громадсь...
Organic production plays an important societal role, secures a market that responds to the demand for organic products and services and provides the public with products that contribute to the protection of the environment as well as to rural development. The issue of ecological tourism as a tool for socioeconomic development in the region-raising the living standards of residents, has been dealt with in a study of ecosystem contexts as a chance for entrepreneurship in sustainable tourism. The aim of the contribution is to point out the urgency of solving the situation and clarifying the basic problems in the given issue, with the view of several domestic and foreign authors based on analysis, synthesis and deduction. The Rio + 20 Conference on Sustainable Development launched an inclusive intergovernmental process for the preparation of sustainable objectives in 2012 where one out of 17 targets also concerns the development of green tourism.
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