This study examined psychosocial risk factors for depressive symptomatology in a community sample of pregnant immigrant women in Montreal, Canada. One hundred and nineteen participants were recruited through hospitals and responded to questionnaires assessing depression, somatic symptoms, functional status, social support, stressful life events and marital adjustment. Forty-two percent of participants scored above the cut-off for depression. Depressive symptoms were associated with poorer functional status and more somatic symptoms. Depressed women reported a lack of social support, more stressful life events and poorer marital adjustment. Transitions associated with migration may place pregnant immigrant women at high risk for depression.

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IntroductionStudies of the diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools often used data-driven methods to select optimal cut-offs. Typically, these studies report results from a small range of cut-off points around whatever cut-off score is identified as most accurate. When published data are combined in meta-analyses, estimates of accuracy for different cut-off points may be based on data from different studies, rather than data from all studies for each cut-off point. Thus, traditional meta-analyses may exaggerate accuracy estimates. Individual patient data (IPD) meta-analyses synthesise data from all studies for each cut-off score to obtain accuracy estimates. The 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is commonly recommended for depression screening in the perinatal period. The primary objective of this IPD meta-analysis is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the EPDS to detect major depression among women during pregnancy and in the postpartum period across all potentially relevant cut-off scores, accounting for patient factors that may influence accuracy (age, pregnancy vs postpartum).Methods and analysisData sources will include Medline, Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Studies that include a diagnosis of major depression based on a validated structured or semistructured clinical interview administered within 2 weeks of (before or after) the administration of the EPDS will be included. Risk of bias will be assessed with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Bivariate random-effects meta-analysis will be conducted for the full range of plausible cut-off values. Analyses will evaluate data from pregnancy and the postpartum period separately, as well as combining data from all women in a single model.Ethics and disseminationThis study does not require ethics approval. Dissemination will include journal articles and presentations to policymakers, healthcare providers and researchers.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO 2015:CRD42015024785.

The current studies were designed to examine whether female adolescents have more negative reactions than male adolescents to achieving more than their same-sex friends. In Study 1, 51 females and 48 males from grades 8 and 10 were administered questions assessing their reactions to performing better than their closest same-sex friends in four domains. Across domains, females reported more negative reactions than males. Further, compared with males, female participants believed that their samesex friends would have more negative reactions if they performed better than their friends. In Study 2, 48 females and 49 males age 18 years were asked how they felt about performing better than and equal to their closest same-sex friends in the domains of romance and academics in both hypothetical and actual situations. Females reported feeling more positive when they received the same outcomes as opposed to better outcomes than their friends. Males did not differ in the valence of their responses to the two outcomes. The implications for sex differences in achievement and friendship are discussed.Self-evaluation is a process that relies heavily on comparing personal performance with the achievements of others. According to the Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model (Tesser, 1988;Tesser, Millar, & Moore, 1988), the valence of an individual's selfevaluations in a specific domain depends on three factors: the individual's performance relative to another person, the individual's investment in the domain and the closeness of the bond between the individual and the person with whom the comparison is made. When the domain is important to the individual, and the individual is close to the person with whom the comparison occurs, relatively poor performance produces more negative self-evaluations in the domain. If the domain is important enough, this process can threaten the viability of the relationship.Numerous studies have provided empirical evidence for this model (e.g. Guay,

Background: Feelings of loss, shame and stigmatization, reduced quality of life, isolation and loneliness are common among men and women with infertility. Fertility patients may seek peer mentoring and support, specifically through the use of online forums, to fulfil their needs for shared experience and guidance through the fertility treatment process. Objective: To assess the use and benefits of an online fertilityrelated peer support forum through two research questions: (1) do socio-demographics, stress, and anxiety differ between posters on the forum, lurkers who read messages but did not post, and people who chose not to use it?; and (2) how did forum users describe their experiences? Design: A sample of 220 male and female fertility patients aged 23-54 years old (M = 35.51, SD = 4.94) were recruited at fertility clinics in Montreal and Toronto, Canada, to test a mobile application called 'Infotility'. They answered questionnaires before and after being given access to Infotility for eight weeks. The peer support forum was accessible through the Infotility dashboard. Main Outcome Measures: Psychological distress was measured through the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale. Experiences using the forum were assessed through open-ended questions and in-depth interviews. Results: Participants with heightened psychological distress were more likely to become posters rather than lurkers or non-users and reported less distress after using the forum. Forum users appreciated the opportunity to share their experiences with others in similar situations.