No abstract

Male Long-Evans rats received an 8-trial training session in a spatial water maze task, followed by a unilateral posttraining intrahippocampal injection of either estradiol (1.0 microgram/0.5 microliter) or saline. Retention was tested 24 hr later, and latency to escape was used as a measure of memory. Retention test escape latencies of rats given intrahippocampal injections of estradiol were lower than those of saline-treated rats, indicating an enhancement of memory. Intrahippocampal injections of estradiol delayed 2 hr posttraining did not affect retention. In Experiment 2, the memory enhancing effect of intrahippocampal injection of estradiol was blocked by peripheral administration of a subeffective dose (0.1 mg/kg) of the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine. Intrahippocampal injections of estradiol enhance memory in male rats, and estradiol may influence memory through an interaction with muscarinic cholinergic systems.

In disability examinations, benefits may depend on the findings of a psychological consultative examination (PCE), which in Louisiana usually involves a mental status examination and a Wechsler Scale. The disability determinations service (DDS) requires a warning that failure to do one's best may result in an unfavorable decision on the claim, but psychologists are officially discouraged from determining effort by the use of formal effort tests. Consequently, there is a need for internal indicators of effort. Formal testing of effort was undertaken in order to identify indicators of effort within the PCE in WAIS-age and WISC-age claimants. Our findings indicated that the total score of indicators was more predictive of effort than any single indicator. Regression equations yielded information on how much effort contributes to IQ. Classification accuracy for the new rating scale was described for a "dose-response" of effort. Disincentives for malingering detection in the PCE were identified.

These findings support the hypothesis that in comparison to Caucasian girls, African American girls may be at lessened risk for developing eating disorders but may be at greater risk for developing obesity. This conclusion is based upon the findings of higher levels of eating disorder symptoms among Caucasian girls and the relative absence of significant correlations between dieting and body shape and appearance concerns among African American girls.