Immunisation with the C-terminal region of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like A protein (LigANI) has shown promising results against leptospirosis. We evaluated the humoral immune response and protection induced by LigANI associated with carboxyl multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs), CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs), or Alhydrogel. Animals immunised with CpG ODNs were unable to develop a humoral immune response, whereas immunisation with LigANI and COOH-MWCNTs produced a high level of IgG antibodies, similar to that with LigANI and Alhydrogel, but it was not protective. The use of carbon nanotubes as an adjuvant in subunit vaccines against leptospirosis is a novel approach for improving specific IgG production.
It is shown that the retention and the annealing characteristics following neutron irradiation of potassium chromate are determined to some extent by the treatment of the crystals before irradiation.Crushing or irradiating the crystals with electrons before neutron irradiation reduces the retention but renders the products more susceptible to thermal annealing. A quantitative study of the combination of thermal and radiation annealing is reported.It is suggested that these and other observations reflect the influence of crystal defects on the fate of the recoiling atom and the subsequent annealing reactions. Three possible mechanisms of radiation annealing are discussed and a mechanism involving the defects is found compatible with all the existing data. By a simple development of this model all the other annealing phenomena in potassium chromate crystals can be interpreted.In a previous paper we have shown that the initial retention Ro can be considered as the sum of four terms.1 The fourth of these contributions & arises from the annealing by heat,2 light 3 or ionizing radiation 4 during neutron irradiation and in the time elapsing before analysis. The contributions R, and Rr, which depend on the reformation of target molecules, incorporating the radioactive product, at the site of nucleogenesis and in the thermal spikes respectively, are affected by the environment of the molecular species suffering rupture.5Few data have been reported on the effect of pre-treatment of the crystals before neutron irradiation but recent studies have suggested that &, and possibly R, and R,., may be dependent on the density, and possibly the nature of the defects in crystal lattice before irradiation. A preliminary note reporting some direct evidence has appeared.6Potassium chromate was chosen for these studies because it possesses high radiation and thermal stability as well as almost as simple a chemical composition as permits this kind of measurement. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESThese have been described in previous papers.l.2 RESULTS EFFECTS OF CRUSHING THE CRYSTALSEarlier experiments did not show any difference between the behaviour of large crystals and material finely powdered after neutron irradiation? New experiments have been carried out with crystals of potassium chromate grown from solution. A comparison was made of the retention of samples of these crystals, of samples powdered by crushing before neutron irradiation, of samples powdered after
The results of an investigation on copper losses in industrial slag from the Teniente converter (TC) and from the electrical slag cleaning furnace (EF) at the Paipote smelter in Chile are presented. Slag samples from each furnace were characterised using chemical and mineralogical techniques. The distribution of the various phases, including entrained matte, was quantified by semi-automatic image analysis. The level of soluble copper was measured by EPMA on samples cooled at a fast cooling rate. The phases found in the slag samples after such cooling are in agreement with thermodynamic calculations of the solidification process. Two types of magnetite crystals were observed in the TC slag samples: magnetite formed during slag solidification (type II) and magnetite which was present as a solid in the melt (type I). The portion of magnetite (type I) was found negligible in the EF slag samples. Sulphide phases were identified in the slag samples as solidified entrained matte, and sulphides present via ex-solution from the liquid slag during solidification. In the case of the TC, the present study has shown that with y4?6 wt-%Cu in slag, about 87% was present as entrained matte. For the electrical furnace, the amount of entrained matte represents some 25% of the copper when the average copper level in EF slag samples was y0?74 wt-%Cu.Les ré sultats d'une é tude sur les pertes en cuivre dans les laitiers du convertisseur Teniente (TC) et du four é lectrique (EF) de nettoyage du laitier de la fonderie de Paipote au Chili sont pré senté s. On a caracté risé des é chantillons de laitier de chaque four en utilisant des techniques chimiques et miné ralogiques. On a quantifié la distribution des diverses phases, incluant la matte entraîné e, au moyen de l'analyse d'image semi-automatique. On a mesuré le niveau de cuivre soluble par EPMA sur des é chantillons refroidis à un taux rapide de refroidissement. Les phases retrouvé es dans les é chantillons de laitier aprè s un tel refroidissement sont en accord avec les calculs thermodynamiques du processus de solidification. On a observé deux types de cristaux de magné tite dans les é chantillons de laitier du TC: la magné tite formé e lors de la solidification du laitier (type II) et la magné tite pré sente sous forme solide dans le bain (type I). On a trouvé que la portion de magné tite (type I) é tait né gligeable dans les é chantillons de laitier du EF. Les phases de sulfure provenant de la matte entraîné e solidifié e et les phases de sulfure formé es par ex-solution du laitier durant la solidification ont été identifiées dans les é chantillons industriels. Dans le cas du convertisseur Teniente, l'é tude pré sente a montré qu'avec ,4?6 wt-% de Cu dans le laitier, environ 87% du cuivre était pré sent sous la forme de matte entraînée. Pour le four é lectrique, la quantité de matte entraîné e repré sente quelque 25% du cuivre lorsque le niveau de cuivre moyen dans les é chantillons de laitier du EF était de ,0?74 wt-%Cu.
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