The aging process is characterized by a series of molecular and cellular changes over the years that could culminate in the deterioration of physiological parameters important to keeping an organism alive and healthy. Physical exercise, defined as planned, structured and repetitive physical activity, has been an important force to alter physiology and brain development during the process of human beings' evolution. Among several aspects of aging, the aim of this review is to discuss the balance between two vital cellular processes such as autophagy and apoptosis, based on the fact that physical exercise as a non-pharmacological strategy seems to rescue the imbalance between autophagy and apoptosis during aging. Therefore, the effects of different types or modalities of physical exercise in humans and animals, and the benefits of each of them on aging, will be discussed as a possible preventive strategy against neuronal death.

IntroductionIn rodents, the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG), located in the ventral lateral medulla, has been described as a conditional expiratory oscillator that emerges mainly in conditions of metabolic challenges to increase ventilation. However the mechanisms required to stimulate pFRG and generate active expiration have not been fully elucidated. Because the raphe region has long been described to be involved in breathing activity, we decided to investigate whether there were projections from raphe to pFRG and to analyze the effect of raphe inhibition on the active expiration generated by hypercapnia.ObjectiveInvestigate the possible involvement of the medullary raphe in active expiration mediated by hypercapnia.MethodsMale Wistar rats weighing 250–350g (CEUA: 80/13) were used. For anatomical experiments, animals received retrograde tracer FluorGold (FG) injections in the pFRG (n=4). Seven to ten days after the injections, immuhistochemistry for tryptophan hydroxylase (TrOH) was performed. For physiological experiments, urethane‐anesthetized rats received bilateral injection of the GABA‐A agonist muscimol (60 pmol/60 nl) in the Raphe Magnus (RMg) or Obscurus (ROb) regions, the electromyography of diaphragm (DiaEMG) and abdominal (AbdEMG) muscles were recorded.ResultsThe anatomical experiments showed that there were projections from serotonergic and non‐serotonergic neurons of RMg and ROb to pFRG region. The injection of muscimol in RMg or ROb did not significantly alter the frequency and amplitude of DiaEMG and did not generate active expiration. In these animals, hypercapnia after raphe inhibition did not produce significant changes on DiaEMG amplitude and frequency. However, inhibition of RMg or ROb produced an increase in the AbdEMG amplitude during hypercapnia.ConclusionOur results demonstrated that RMg and ROb project directly to pFRG and may be involved in active expiration. We propose that RMg and ROb may be modulating the activity of pFRG during hypercapnia.Support or Funding InformationFinancial support: FAPESP, CNPq and CAPESThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

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Resumo: O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar os desafios da realização do estágio curricular no ensino remoto e verificar se a disciplina atingiu sua finalidade de elaborar uma proposta de trabalho para uma ação docente comprometida com os interesses e necessidades da comunidade escolar e do processo de formação do professor. A abordagem foi qualitativa, em uma pesquisa do tipo descritiva. Os respondentes foram os alunos do curso de Pedagogia da Faculdade de Educação, Ciências e Letras do Sertão Central matriculados na disciplina em 2020.2. Para coleta utilizamos um formulário do Google Forms. Os resultados explicitam os desafios enfrentados pelos estagiários em sua prática docente durante a Pandemia de Covid 19. Os respondentes destacaram diversos desafios como a falta de conexão com a internet, a carência de materiais tecnológicos e o conhecimento de como manejá-los, além da dificuldade de acompanhar a aprendizagem dos escolares, em decorrência do declínio na participação e frequência. Os achados indicam que, mesmo diante de tantos empecilhos, a disciplina atingiu seus objetivos, pois os estagiários validaram a experiência justificando que esse era o contexto real da escola e como futuros educadores precisam estar preparados para situações atípicas e emergenciais como a desencadeada pela pandemia.