Highlights:1. The highest risk was a history of hypertension, followed by a history of low HDL levels.2. Patients with type 2 DM at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, had a greater risk of developing CKD for patients with a history of hypertension (3.801 times higher) and patients with a history of low HDL (3.356 times higher). AbstractIntroduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), categorized as a non-communicable disease, has become a global health concern. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 DM patients at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya.Methods: This was a case-control study. The samples were collected using consecutive sampling methods from the medical records Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya. The total samples were 158 patients consisting of 79 cases and 79 controls. Independent variables were a history of uncontrolled HbA1c levels; hypertension; high triglyceride (TG) levels; low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and being overweight. The dependent variable was CKD. Samples were analyzed using the Chi-Square test and logistic regression.Results: From six independent variables that were analyzed, two variables had significant results based on the Chi-Square test. Logistic regression was performed and showed the significant results between risk factors of CKD and type 2 DM patients at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, were a history of hypertension (OR = 3.801, 95% CI = 1.875-7.706) and a history of low HDL levels (OR = 3.356, 95% CI = 1.650-6.827). The highest risks were a history of hypertension followed by a history of low HDL levels.Conclusion: Type 2 DM patients at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, with a history of hypertension and a history of low HDL had a greater risk of developing CKD.

Background: While there have been clinical studies to prove the efficacy of testosterone in increasing the stretched penile size in cases of micropenis, giving various results, attempts to summarize them have been scant. Objectives: This systematic review summarizes the efficacy of testosterone in the treatment of micropenis. Materials and methods: This systematic review sought original English research articles in which patients with isolated micropenis were administered testosterone to increase their stretched penile length in PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest. Search keywords were “micropenis” and “hormone”. We then assessed the selected articles using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Checklist for Case Series. Results: Of the 1,181 articles, 8 articles (n = 171) met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Assessment of the articles showed that various hormones are used in the treatment of micropenis. Discussion: Various hormones, mainly testosterone, are effective in treating micropenis. It is found that testosterone, especially topical testosterone, can increase stretched penile length 2 until 3 times the pre-treatment length in 3 months of treatment. However, other hormone treatments can also increase stretched penile length, but its effect is not as significant as testosterone. Dual hormone therapy is also used for micropenis and other hormone deficiencies to increase the efficacy of the results. Conclusions: Hormone therapy is effective in increasing the stretched penile size in cases of micropenis. The use of hormones needs to be tailored to each patient to ensure optimal result.

Hyperuricemia can be the initial sign of health problem. In recent years, there is increasing in prevalence of hyperuricemia which become global health concern. Hyperuricemia is defined as a condition when there is an increasing in serum urate above normal level. This condition usually asymptomatic and clinical sign doesn’t appear. However, hyperuricemia later can manifest symptomatic condition such as gout or another health problem related to increasing levels of uric acid. The elevating of uric acid levels can be caused by the dietary intake of foods which contain high levels of purine, disruption in catabolism of nucleic acid, problem in excretion, and many other factors. There are already several pharmacological agents used to lower uric acid levels. Still, as development in herbal medicine, Moringa oleifera is also known to have an anti-hyperuricemic effect which can lower uric acid levels in the body serum. This article aims to review the potential effect of Moringa oleifera in lowering uric acid levels so the prevalence of hyperuricemia and further health problem related to increasing in uric acid levels can be prevented.