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This study explores differences in entrepreneurial orientation (EO) by profit status. In addition to EO, other survey questions sought to determine how firms scanned the external market for information and the firm’s view of external market volatility. The sample, collected in 2004, consisted of 134 nursing home administrators located in the state of Florida. The data were analyzed using generalized linear model. The results show that there was no significant difference in the EO between nonprofits and for-profits but that nonprofits were significantly more likely to engage in environmental scanning activities such as gathering information from trade magazines and suppliers and that they remained abreast of economic and technological trends more than their for-profit counterparts. Given the demands of the external market, nonprofits may find that developing strategies to better compete with for-profit firms is vital.

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As an inherent characteristic and pervasive market phenomenon of the tourism industry, seasonality plays an important role in tourist business survivability and sustainability. It is also a significant factor for rural households involved in tourism as they plan their livelihood strategies around it. In this study, household surveys were conducted in The Beautiful South, an area for rural tourism in Guangxi of Southern China. We analyzed the livelihood capital and strategy of different household types in response to seasonal fluctuations in tourism by applying a mixed method that integrated livelihood capital index (LCI) evaluation and data envelopment analysis. The results indicate that LCI of tourism income-oriented households ranks second among the four types of households, while the LCI of tourism-engaged households in peak season performed better than that of those not engaged. However, the number of households participating in tourism nearly halved during the off season, and they are mainly diverted to temporary labor work, which may be one of the reasons for the low livelihood capital efficiency of tourism households. The implications of the findings and empirical solutions to mitigate the negative seasonal impact are discussed.

Small businesses contribute to society on many fronts: job creation, tax revenues, functional products and services, charitable donations, technological developments, and social contributions to communities. Given these contributions, and small firms' limited resources, it is important to understand what strategic management practices (SMPs)activities engaged to develop and implement strategypositively impact small firm performance. Small business leaders may apply various combinations of SMPs to achieve performance objectives. Here, we apply Fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to explore how various combinations of six different SMPsentrepreneurial orientation (EO), strategic planning, goal setting, total quality management (TQM), social capital, and small business owners' analysis of financial ratiosaffect performance. From a sample of U.S. printing companies, we found four different configurations of SMPs related to higher small business performance.

Cultural tourism has received widespread attention for its role in promoting cultural heritage and economic growth. However, there is insufficient research regarding how to verify the synergy between culture and tourism and how to ensure its sustainability in the integration of the cultural and tourism industries (CTI). This study establishes an interdisciplinary composite analytical framework from the perspective of efficiency evaluation. China, a country that has advocated the integration of CTI since 2009, is the research setting. The findings indicate that the technical efficiency of the tourism industry has increased significantly since the involvement of the cultural industry. Meanwhile, economically underdeveloped regions have opportunities to catch up with developed regions in terms of technical efficiency, and they perform better in terms of sustainable productivity growth. Importantly, U-shaped and inverted U-shaped curves were found in the coordinate systems composed of groups comprising the coupling coordination degree and the efficiency-related index, respectively. This finding reveals the existence of a running-in effect in the integration process of CTI, thereby contributing to both theory and policy-making.Sustainability 2019, 11, 6607 2 of 20 arts, design, fashion, new media)" [8]. Thus, currently, the integration of culture and tourism is spreading and is omnipresent, and destinations rich in cultural and tourism resources usually have a high degree of consistency or overlap in the market [1,9,10]. Exploring and evaluating the synergy between culture and tourism is conducive to enhancing theoretical understanding, promoting joint marketing, and inspiring policy-making. However, there is still insufficient research regarding how to verify this synergy and how best to sustain it during the integration of the culture and tourism industries (CTI). Quantitative research in the related field only focuses on a single sector from an efficiency evaluation perspective [11][12][13] or on the degree of coupling coordination between them [14]; it is still rare to regard culture and tourism as industries and explore the synergy between them from an interdisciplinary point of view.By regarding the CTI together as a complete system or black box, in this study we established a composite evaluation framework consisting of three dimensions from the perspective of efficiency evaluation, to measure the technical efficiency, sustainable productivity growth, and coupling coordination degree. Specifically, the slacks-based measure (SBM) model of data envelopment analysis (DEA), the Malmquist index of total factor productivity (TFP), and the coupling coordination degree model were applied in the research. We further examined the impact of the cultural industry on efficiency and compared the relationships between various outcomes.This study utilized data from 31 Chinese provinces and regions from 2010 to 2016. There are several reasons why China is an ideal setting to study these issues. First, China is one of the world'...