The Haber-Bosch process has been the commercial benchmark process for ammonia synthesis for more than a century. Plasma-catalytic synthesis for ammonia production is theorized to have a great potential for being a greener alternative to the Haber-Bosch process. However, the underlying reactions for ammonia synthesis still require some detailed study especially for radiofrequency plasmas. Herein, the use of inductively coupled radiofrequency plasma for the synthesis of ammonia when employing Ga, In and their alloys as catalysts is presented. The plasma is characterized using emission spectroscopy and the surface of catalysts using Scanning Electron Microscope. A maximum energy yield of 0.31 g-NH3/kWh and energy cost of 196 MJ/mol is achieved with Ga-In (0.6:0.4 and 0.2:0.8) alloy at 50 W plasma power. Granular nodes are observed on the surface of catalysts indicating the formation of the intermediate GaN.
Sickle cell trait, a trait known to be protective against falciparum malaria, is prevalent in the African American community. Unlike true sickle cell disease, sickle cell trait is currently not a disqualifying condition for military service. In the case below, we describe an occurrence, from Logar Provence, Afghanistan (2,072 m above mean sea level), of exertional acute rhabdomyolysis in an American service member known to be a sickle cell trait carrier. The case serves to educate Military Medical providers and Commanders alike, to the increased risk certain training and work environments have on sickle cell trait Service members; it raises the question of what duty limitations, if any, sickle cell carriers should have.
Delayed hypersensitivity disorders and food allergies are often challenging for the clinician and patient alike. A recent discovery of an IgE antibody specific to galactose-α-1,3-galactose, which is a carbohydrate abundantly expressed on cells and tissues of beef, pork, and lamb, adds one more tool to aid the clinician in making the appropriate diagnosis. A link has been discovered between the bite of the Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum) and the development of sensitivity to galactose-α-1,3-galactose. With a high prevalence of Lone Star Tick populations inhabiting major U.S. Army Installations, and the type of duty required by our Service members, it could potentially affect susceptible individuals. We describe a case of an active duty soldier who went 4 years searching for this elusive diagnosis and connection and discuss why it should remain in the differential diagnosis when treating military health care beneficiaries.
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