Despite the requirement of long distance transportation of honey bees used for pollination, we understand little how transportation affects honey bees. Three trials in three different states (CA, GA, and MI) were conducted to study the effects of long distance transportation on honey bee physiology. Newly emerged bees from one colony were split into two groups and introduced into a transported (T) colony or a stationary (S) colony in each trial. Volumes of hypopharyngeal gland acini in T colonies were significantly smaller than S colonies in all three trials. There were no significant differences between S and T colonies in juvenile hormone titers. Protein content in head showed no significant differences between S and T either in 7-day-old or 17-day-old bees of MI trial, but GA trial showed a significant reduction in bees experiencing transportation. Protein content in thorax was only measured in GA trial and was not significantly different between the two groups. Lipid content in abdomen was not significantly different between the S and T colonies in all three trials. This study suggests that bees experiencing transportation have trouble fully developing their food glands and this might affect their ability to nurse the next generation of workers.
Integral abutment bridges (IABs) can result in decreased construction and maintenance costs, but certain aspects of their structural behavior are still not well understood. Most IAB research has related to the behavior of their substructures, with the limit states considered by entities such as the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) largely based on substructure considerations. It is expected that integral abutment construction also affects superstructure behavior and demands, in addition to superstructure properties directly influencing substructure behavior. As a result, IDOT and the Illinois Tollway have sponsored a research project, investigating IAB behavior as it relates to bridge superstructures. The overall goal of the research is to improve design and construction provisions and details for IABs, so that actual in-service demands are more rigorously considered and IABs are efficiently used. The research project is employing a detailed suite of parametric numerical simulations, complemented by thorough field monitoring of two IABs located in northern Illinois. This paper presents findings from: 1) a subset of the numerical simulations, where effects of parameters such as abutment skew, overall bridge length, intermediate span length, and bridge width are examined; and 2) preliminary field data from the monitored bridges for the first complete summer-towinter temperature cycle. An initial assessment of the key response quantities of longitudinal bridge displacement, thermally-induced elastic stresses in the superstructure, and inelastic pile strains are presented.
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