SIGNIFICANCE Peripapillary retinoschisis is associated with primary and secondary glaucoma. It is important that clinicians are familiar with the presentation and management of peripapillary retinoschisis to understand its effects on the patient's glaucoma and to avoid unnecessary referral when the macula is not involved. PURPOSE We present a case of peripapillary retinoschisis found incidentally on routine optical coherence tomographic (OCT) surveillance of primary open-angle glaucoma. CASE REPORT A 70-year-old man presented for his annual diabetic eye examination. Surveillance with OCT revealed a splitting of the inner peripapillary retina corresponding to a previously noted notch in the right optic nerve. Further imaging of the right eye using enhanced depth imaging OCT revealed a defect in the lamina cribrosa that may have contributed to the formation and persistence of peripapillary retinoschisis. Retinal nerve fiber layer analysis showed a 5-year history of progressive temporal and inferotemporal thickening in the right eye. The patient was managed conservatively with instruction on regular Amsler grid testing. CONCLUSIONS As seen in this case, peripapillary retinoschisis typically alters retinal nerve fiber layer thickness on OCT and can be mistakenly attributed to glaucomatous change. Glaucoma-associated peripapillary retinoschisis is usually not vision threatening and can be managed conservatively; in rare cases of progression to macular involvement, patients should be referred to a retina specialist.

Due to the extensive differential diagnoses and overlapping clinical features, determining the aetiology of a crystalline retinopathy can be challenging. More effective ways are needed to help clinicians isolate the cause of a crystalline retinopathy and determine the appropriate management of concomitant ocular and/or systemic disease. This paper reviews literature on crystalline retinopathy focusing upon the key features of each aetiology, including medical history, laterality, and examination findings. Based on this review, an algorithm was formulated to clinically classify causes of crystalline retinopathy, which may help practising clinicians identify and manage key causes of crystalline retinopathy.

Trauma to the anterior segment can cause an iritis. A comprehensive eye examination is necessary to determine the extent of the injury to ocular structures. Ruling out differential diagnoses and prompt management with topical cycloplegic agents and steroids improves patient comfort and visual prognosis. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/traumatic-iritis-a-case-study)

We review the etiology, characteristics and management of ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS). Ocular ischemic syndrome is a visual-threatening condition closely linked to advanced cardiovascular disease. Patients with OIS are at risk for ocular neovascularization and carotid artery stenosis. Diagnostic testing to confirm the diagnosis of OIS must be done in order to properly determine treatment and management options for these patients as the risk for permanent visual loss is greater with higher levels of ischemia and advanced cardiovascular disease. Coordination of care with the patient’s primary care provider is necessary to optimize the patient’s cardiovascular risk factors and determine the most appropriate medical and/or surgical treatment. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/ocular-ischemic-syndrome-a-brief-review) Please check COPE course expiry date prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.

Retinal emboli have various distinguishing presentations. It is important to be able to differentiate the characteristics of retinal emboli, such as their appearance and location, in order to determine the orgin of the embolus. This determination is key to the management of the ocular and systemic health of the patient. In this paper we will review how the identification of each of these retinal emboli will aid in the management of these patients. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/retinal-emboli-from-vascular-disease-a-brief-review) Please check COPE course expiry date prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the leading cause of preventable vision loss and visual disability amongst working-age adults in the United States. Complications include neovascularization of the iris, retina, and optic disc, which can lead to vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, and neovascular glaucoma. Treatment options for PDR include pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) and intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection. The case of a 48-year-old male Caucasian with PDR and associated complications is presented. CE Notification This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/proliferative-diabetic-retinopathy-a-case-review)

This paper reviews the clinical characteristics of a circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH). This rare, benign ocular tumor often goes undiagnosed until it causes secondary complications such as macular edema. It is critical to differentiate a CCH from malignant posterior segment tumors such as choroidal melanoma. Ocular photodynamic therapy is an important treatment option for patients with symptomatic CCH. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/an-asymptomatic-circumscribed-choroidal-hemangioma-a-case-report) Please check COPE course expiry date prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.

Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs) are acquired, focal dilatations of retinal arterioles. They result from progressive thinning and a decrease in elasticity of the retinal arteriole wall due to cardiovascular disease and can be either fusiform or saccular in shape. Retinal arterial macroaneurysms are most commonly seen in elderly females. Although most RAMs spontaneously involute, they can lead to vision-threatening complications such as vitreous hemorrhage and macular edema. This paper reviews the etiology, characteristics and management of RAMs. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/retinal-arterial-macroaneurysm-a-brief-review) Please check COPE course expiry date prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.