Sleep problems have been defined using a variety of definitions. No study has assessed the longitudinal association between infant sleep problems and childhood overweight or obesity using existing definitions of sleep problems. This study used longitudinal data (n = 895) from the multi-site Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) to investigate the effects of infant sleep problems on childhood weight status in Grade 6. Infants with sleep problems in Phase I (1991) and with complete data through Phase III (2004) of SECCYD were included. Sleep problems were assessed using maternal reports of night wakings and duration of a waking episode. Sleep problems were defined using Richman (1981), Lozoff et al. (1985), and Zuckerman et al. (1987) definitions. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between sleep problems during infancy and childhood weight status in Grade 6 while controlling for birth weight, race, sex, breastfeeding, maternal poverty, family structure, and maternal education. After adjusting for all covariates, children with a history of sleep problems were found to be overweight in Grade 6 using Zukerman et al. (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–2.55) and Richman (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.05–2.97) definitions, but not using Lozoff et al. definition. Infant sleep problems were not found to be associated with being obese. The study found differential effects of infant sleep problems on childhood overweight in Grade 6 per different definitions of sleep problems. Findings highlight the need to construct a single definition of infant sleep problems.
BackgroundMajor depression disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric comorbidity in patients living with HIV (PLWHIV). The prevalence rate of MDD is higher in PLWHIV in comparison to the general population. In our study, we focus specifically on the 30-day readmission rate of PLWHIV and severe major depression.
MethodsThe Health Care Agency (HCA) databank was used to conduct a retrospective study on PLWHIV and severe MDD. Keywords such as HIV, severe MDD, CD4, viral load were used to identify the data. 30-day readmission rate is studied in PLWHIV and severe MDD (N=143). Variables such as age, sex, gender, adherence to antiretroviral medications, cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), and viral load were studied in this population. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria were used to diagnose severe MDD in PLWHIV. An antiretroviral therapy (ART) medication list was used to analyze adherence in this population group. Geographical locations were identified using urbanization codes.
ResultsLogistic regression analysis for the 30-day readmission rate in PLWHIV was found to be higher in the older age group (p<0.01). Caucasian population (p<0.01) and rural areas (p<0.01), ART non-adherence (p<0.05), and severe major depression were also found to be significant in this population (p<0.01).
ConclusionAs more patients live longer with HIV/AIDS, it gives rise to illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. Thus, it is important to identify severe depression in PLWHIV since it can have an impact on rates of hospitalization, morbidity/mortality, and the financial burden, specifically within 30days of discharge.
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