The convex reflective diffraction grating is an essential optical component that lends itself to various applications. In this work, we first outline the design principles of convex diffraction gratings from wavefront quality and efficiency perspectives. We then describe a unique fabrication method that allows for the machining of convex diffraction gratings with variable groove structure, which is extendable to rotationally non-symmetric convex diffraction grating substrates. Finally, we demonstrate two quantitative wavefront measurement methods and respective experimental validation.
Freeform germanium optics produced by single crystal diamond milling are important for infrared (IR) imaging applications.However the mechanics of interrupted cutting of germaniumis not fully understood. This paper presents new findings from cutting experiments including: (1) uninterrupted orthogonal cutting and (2) interruptedflycutting of germanium. Forces are measured and the cutting mechanics are correlated with surface and subsurface measurements performed with: (1) atomic force microscopy, (2) confocal Raman spectroscopy, and (3) channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. These fundamental results guide parameter choice for more complex freeform ball milling of optics for IR applications ranging from surveillance to medical imaging. Ultra-precision milling, Optical materials, Subsurface damage Figure 1.(a) Orthogonal turning setup and (b) schematic.
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