SummaryThis observational study assessed the frequency and risk factors of dental damage after classic direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in 536 adult patients. The patients' sex, age, height, weight, dental condition, dental mobility, Mallampati class, interincisor gap, thyromental distance, neck circumference, and head and neck extension were recorded. From anaesthesia records, the difficulty of intubation, the number of attempts, type of neuromuscular blocking agent used and duration of anaesthesia were recorded. After anaesthesia, examination revealed that 134 patients (25.0%) had dental damage affecting 162 teeth (147 maxillary; 15 mandibular). Enamel fracture was the commonest injury. In tooth number 21, the interincisor gap (OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.0-5.9)) and in tooth number 22, the number of intubation attempts (OR 5.3 (95% CI 1.3-22.0)) were considered a risk factor for dental injury. Conventional direct laryngoscopy is associated with a strikingly high incidence of dental damage, although specific risk factors remain unclear.

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RESUMOIntrodução: A transição do ensino secundário para o ensino superior é um desafio para o estudante de medicina. Gerir o tempo de estudo e promover as competências de autorregulação da aprendizagem torna-se fundamental para lidar com o exponencial do conhecimento na educação médica. Este estudo pretende avaliar as competências de autorregulação da aprendizagem e o tempo de estudo na transição do secundário para o ensino superior, e explorar o seu efeito no burnout académico no primeiro ano do curso de medicina. Material e Métodos: Foram recolhidos dados de 102 (43%) estudantes do primeiro ano do curso de medicina acerca das competên-cias de autorregulação da aprendizagem, desempenho académico e tempo de estudo/semana no início do ano letivo (relativos ao último ano do secundário) e no final do mesmo (relativos ao primeiro ano do curso) -nesta fase foi também avaliado o burnout. Resultados: A exposição ao burnout ocorreu em 12% dos estudantes. A aprendizagem auto-direcionada no ensino secundário e superior e adoção de estratégias de aprendizagem e de avaliação no ensino superior apresentaram efeito protetor de burnout. Contudo, a aprendizagem auto-direcionada no ensino secundário teve efeito indireto no burnout académico através da aprendizagem autodirecionada no ensino superior. Conclusão: Os estudantes de medicina experienciam problemas de saúde no primeiro ano do curso. Capacitá-los a desenvolver estratégias de aprendizagem e de avaliação e direcionarem autonomamente as suas aprendizagens terá impacto no seu bem-estar. Não é o desempenho académico que influencia o burnout mas o tempo de estudo. Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem; Autocontrolo; Educação Médica Pré-Graduada; Escolaridade; Estudantes de Medicina/psicologia; Motivação; Portugal. ABSTRACT Introduction:The transition from secondary to higher education is a challenging and demanding period for medical students. The ability to manage study time effectively and to be a self-regulated learner is essential to cope with the exponential growth of knowledge in medical education. Thus, the purpose of our study was to measure self-regulated learning skills and self-study across secondaryhigher education transition and to explore its effect on academic burnout in the first year of medical school. Material and Methods:We collected data from 102 (43%) freshman medical students on self-regulated learning, academic achievement, and hours of self-study/week relative to last year of secondary school (at the beginning of academic year) and the first year of medical school (at the end of academic year). Burnout data was collected at the end of academic year.Results: Among the 102 participants, 12% were at risk of burnout. Self-directedness at secondary school and higher education, and strategies for learning and assessment at higher education were protective factors against academic burnout. However, secondary selfdirectedness has an indirect effect on academic burnout mediated by self-directedness in the first year of medical school. In addition, self-study during clas...

Pediatric facial fractures are usually associated with severe trauma. There has been a highly significant decrease (P < 0.001) in pediatric facial fractures in Portugal for the past 20 years.

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Radiological imaging is gaining relevance in the acquisition of competencies in clinical anatomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of medical students on teaching/learning of imaging anatomy as an integrated part of anatomical education. A questionnaire was designed to evaluate the perceptions of second-year students participating in a clinical anatomy course over three consecutive academic years. A principal component analysis was used to evaluate the dimensionality of the questionnaire. The variables were summarized using frequencies, mean, median, 25th percentile, 75th percentile, minimum, and maximum. The results demonstrated that students felt the teaching of imaging anatomy influenced learning in the clinical anatomy course (mean = 4.5, median = 5.0) and subsequent clinical courses (mean = 4.4, median = 4.0). Regarding the imaging techniques used in the demonstration of anatomical structures, computed tomography (median = 5.0) and magnetic resonance imaging (median = 5.0) were highly rated. Students suggested the use of additional support material (37.6%) and favored a more practical approach. In conclusion, the results of this work highlight the value of imaging anatomy in learning human anatomy. Students' comments pointed out a need to focus teaching/learning programs toward a more practical rather than theoretical approach as well as a need to provide a better fit between sectional anatomy and clinical cases using imaging anatomy. In order to provide an optimal learning environment to students, it also seems important to create improved media material as an additional resource tool.

BackgroundA global effort has been made in the last years to establish a set of core competences that define the essential professional competence of a physician. Regardless of the environment, culture or medical education conditions, a set of core competences is required for medical practice worldwide. Evaluation of educational program is always needed to assure the best training for medical students and ultimately best care for patients. The aim of this study was to determine in what extent medical students in Portugal and Portuguese speaking African countries, felt they have acquired the core competences to start their clinical practice. For this reason, it was created a measurement tool to evaluate self-perceived competences, in different domains, across Portuguese and Portuguese-speaking African medical schools.MethodsThe information was collected through a questionnaire that defines the knowledge, attitudes and skills that future doctors should acquire. The Cronbach's Alpha and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire. In order to remove possible confounding effect, individual scores were standardized by country.ResultsThe order of the domain's scores was similar between countries. After standardization, Personal Attitudes and Professional Behavior showed median scores above the country global median and Knowledge alone showed median score below the country global median. In Portugal, Clinical Skills showed score below the global median. In Angola, Clinical Skills and General Skills showed a similar result. There were only significant differences between countries in Personal Attitudes (p < 0.001) and Professional Behavior (p = 0.043).ConclusionsThe reliability of the instrument in Portuguese and Portuguese-speaking African medical schools was confirmed. Students have perceived their level of competence in personal attitudes in a high level and in opposite, knowledge and clinical skills with some weaknesses.