Com o objetivo de determinar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos acidentes ofídicos, em hospital do Estado do Acre, foram estudados prospectivamente 144 pacientes admitidos no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2002. Desses, 113 (78,5%) foram classificados como vítimas de acidente com envenenamento. Os gêneros Bothrops, Lachesis e Micrurus foram responsáveis por, respectivamente, 75,7%, 2,1% e 0,7% dos casos. Os acidentes predominaram em pessoas do sexo masculino (78,5%), trabalhadores rurais (51,4%) e com idades entre 10 e 29 anos (43,8%). Nos acidentes botrópicos, os envenenamentos considerados moderados (48,6%) prevaleceram sobre os leves (31,2%) e graves (20,2%). Dois casos envolvendo o gênero Bothrops não receberam terapia antipeçonha. Entretanto, soro heterólogo foi administrado em 23 vítimas de acidente sem envenenamento. Concluindo, os resultados obtidos neste estudo diferiram dos observados por outros autores quanto à gravidade dos casos e adequação do tratamento, indicando a necessidade de treinamento da equipe.

Intrafamilial transmission of HBV is evident in the present study and is possibly associated with the presence of more than one HBV carrier in the family and the shared use of toothbrushes among household contacts. Genotype analysis confirms intrafamilial transmission.

Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), a member of the genus Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae), is an encephalitogenic arbovirus broadly distributed in the Americas. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length E gene sequences obtained for 30 Brazilian SLEV strains was performed using different methods including Bayesian and relaxed molecular clock approaches. A new genetic lineage was suggested, hereafter named genotype VIII, which co-circulates with the previously described genotype V in the Brazilian Amazon region. Genotypes II and III were restricted to Sã o Paulo state (South-east Atlantic rainforest ecosystem). The analysis also suggested the emergence of an SLEV common ancestor between 1875 and 1973 (mean of 107 years ago), giving rise to two major genetic groups: genotype II, more prevalent in the North America, and a second group comprising the other genotypes (I and III-VIII), broadly dispersed throughout the Americas, suggesting that SLEV initially emerged in South America and spread to North America.In conclusion, the current study demonstrates the high genetic variability of SLEV and its geographical dispersion in Brazil and other New World countries. INTRODUCTIONSaint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is an encephalitogenic arbovirus with a primary life cycle associated with Culex mosquitoes and wild birds (Travassos da Rosa et al., 1997; Vasconcelos et al., 1998;Reisen, 2003). Taxonomically, Saint Louis encephalitis virus is a recognized species of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, and belongs to the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) group, which includes other important human pathogens such as West Nile virus (WNV), JEV and Murray Valley encephalitis virus (Calisher & Gould, 2003).SLEV is widely distributed throughout the western hemisphere from Canada to Argentina. SLEV was first isolated in 1933 during a major epidemic that occurred in St Louis, Missouri, USA, with more than 1000 encephalitis cases reported. Outbreaks or clusters of encephalitis cases associated with SLEV have been reported annually in the USA (Reisen, 2003). Usually, the fatality rate ranges from 5 to 20 % (Tsai & Mitchell, 1988), with higher mortality rates observed among the elderly (.75 years of age) (Reisen, 2003).The low number of human cases reported in tropical regions of the Americas may reflect inadequate laboratory diagnosis, circulation of less virulent virus strains and/or enzootic cycles involving mosquitoes that are not typically anthropophilic (Spense, 1980). Only three SLEV strains have been isolated from humans in Brazil. Two patients resident in Para state had clinical manifestations characterized by fever and jaundice (Pinheiro et al., 1981; Vasconcelos et al., 1998), whilst one from São Paulo was suspected of dengue-like disease (Rocco et al., 2005). None of them had neurological symptoms. Recently, the SLEV genome was detected by RT-PCR in four patients with clinical symptoms similar to those observed in dengue fever, as well as in two other patients clinically diagnosed as presenting with viral...

In Brazil, hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is only reported in Western Amazonia, where severe cases of acute and chronic HDV hepatitis have been described. The study area was chosen in the States of Acre and Rondonia where most cases of hepatitis B virus (HBV)/HDV are reported. From December 2003 to October 2004, 40 HBsAg carriers with anti-HDV IgM were selected. An epidemiologic questionnaire, including demographic and clinical/epidemiologic variables was filled out. HDV amplification and genotyping were performed. Genotype I was detected in 22 patients (55.0%), whereas genotype III was identified in 18 (45.0%). Patients who were infected with genotype I were older (45.1 +/- 17.8 years) than patients infected with genotype III (32.8 +/- 10.9 years; P = 0.01). No symptoms were reported by 21 (52.5%) patients. Otherwise, 19 (47.5%) had symptoms (fatigue, abdominal pain, weight loss, and decompensated liver disease) that motivated them to seek medical care. Genotype III carriers were more symptomatic, but no statistical significance was achieved. Our preliminary results show that HDV genotypes I and III are present in Brazilian Amazonia and that HDV genotype III is not limited to the Amerindian population.

An outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) was detected in the village of Canoa in 1993. A prospective observational study was outlined to determine the frequency rates and to clinically characterize the disease. A total of 555 people were followed up. There were 29 cases of ACL, 11 cases of probably previous ACL (scars) and 529 healthy individuals. Of these 529 individuals, 65 had a positive Montenegro reaction without any present or past evidence of leishmaniasis. The prevalence of ACL during the two years was 5.2% (29/555). The leishmania involved was Leishmania braziliensis and the vector, Lutzomyia intermedia. Evidence of infection was detected in dogs and horses. The high frequency of the disease among children under ten years, the similar sex distribution of cases and a component of familial aggregation suggest a peri- or intra-domiciliary transmission.

O prontuário do paciente ou do cliente, também denominado prontuário médico, é um elemento fundamental ao bom atendimento e um instrumento de educação permanente e de pesquisa, entre outras finalidades de gerenciamento hospitalar. Neste estudo, foram avaliados os modelos de prontuário utilizados em 77 (73,3%) dos 105 hospitais filiados à Associação Brasileira de Hospitais Universitários e de Ensino (Abrahue), sendo estudados pela estimativa de escores para vários de seus itens ou de partes referentes à história clínica e à evolução do paciente. O tipo predominante dos prontuários (92,2%; n = 71) era em suporte de papel e nenhum no formato eletrônico. Comparados aos prontuários dos hospitais filantrópicos (n = 23), os dos públicos (n = 54) alcançaram maiores escores (p < 0,05), mas em ambos a totalidade dos itens estudados teve baixa pontuação. Nos itens componentes da anamnese, por exemplo, enquanto o escore máximo esperado era 22, a média foi 4,3 (± 3,7), com limites de 0 e 15 e mediana de 4. Em conclusão, além da reduzida qualidade da maioria dos prontuários estudados, a quase totalidade ainda não incorporou as modernas tecnologias disponibilizadas pela ciência da informação.

IntroduçãoA malária é um dos grandes problemas de Saúde Pública porque os plasmódios são encontrados em áreas onde habita quase a metade da população mundial. Nas Américas, 21 países são endêmicos e 357 milhões (38,6%) de habitantes estão expostos ao risco de adoecer. O Brasil é responsável por um terço dos casos notificados de malária 1 . A quase totalidade dos casos procede da Malária em Grávidas de uma Maternidade Pública de Rio Branco (Acre, Brasil) Malaria in Pregnant Women of a Public Maternity of Rio Branco (Acre State, Brazil) RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a freqüência dos achados clínico-laboratoriais em grávidas portadoras de malária. Métodos: foi realizado estudo descritivo, série de casos, de 445 grávidas da Maternidade e Clínica de Mulheres Bárbara Heliodora (Rio Branco, Acre), do período de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2001, com diagnóstico parasitológico de malária. Foram revistos os prontuários do período e selecionados os casos portadores de malária. Resultados: no total de pacientes (n=33.420) internadas no período, estavam incluídas 445 (1,4%) grávidas. Entre essas, a freqüência da infecção por Plasmodium vivax foi de 52,8% (n=235), por P. falciparum, de 43,8% (n=195), e 3,4% (n=15) por ambos os plasmódios. As alterações clínico-laboratoriais mais freqüentes (p<0,05) foram observadas nas portadoras do P. falciparum: mucosas descoradas, icterícia, diminuição da hemoglobina e hematócrito, hipoglicemia e elevação dos níveis séricos das aminotransferases, uréia, creatinina e das bilirrubinas. Somente houve um caso de óbito (1/445) em gestante com P. falciparum. Quanto ao concepto, foram registrados: abortos (1,3%), prematuridade (1,1%) e baixo peso ao nascer (1,1%). Conclusões: esses achados refletem a repercussão da malária durante a gestação, bem como justificam que as unidades de obstetrícia, especialmente da região amazônica, tenham serviços capacitados para o diagnóstico e tratamento desses casos.

Active hospital-based surveillance in the city of Salvador, Brazil, from December 1995 through October 1998, identified 221 patients with confirmed pneumococcal meningitis. Of these 221 patients, 29 (13%) had isolates with intermediate-level resistance to penicillin. Infection with these penicillin-nonsusceptible isolates was significantly associated with age of <2 years (P<.0019), previous antibiotic use (P<.0006), and coresistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (P<.0000). Serotype 14 was the most prevalent serotype (55.2%) of penicillin-nonsusceptible isolates. Strain typing by repetitive element BOX polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that penicillin-nonsusceptible serotype 14 isolates had closely related BOX PCR patterns, whereas penicillin-susceptible serotype 14 isolates each had distinct, unrelated patterns. Penicillin-nonsusceptible serotype 14 isolates from Salvador and other Brazilian cities had similar BOX PCR patterns. These observations indicate that in Brazil a large proportion of cases of penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococcal meningitis appear to be caused by a closely related group of serotype 14 strains that may have disseminated to widely separate geographic areas.