The principal risk factor for lung cancer is smoking, which is largely responsible for the development of the disease in men and women. It is estimated that 10-15% of all deaths from lung cancer in the USA are caused by risk factors other than smoking. In isolation, these would account for 16,000-24,000 deaths per year, which would still place lung cancer among the ten most deadly forms of cancer.(3) Occupational carcinogens can act alone or in synergy with smoking. A review of lung cancer in Brazil discussed the principal risk factors, notably smoking, and the economic sectors where carcinogens are strongly present. The economic sectors listed included IntroductionCarcinogens are often found in the workplace. Until the 1970s, most of the known human carcinogens were encountered in the workplace. The work environment remains a significant source of carcinogens.( 1) Carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process in which there is interaction among hereditary, genetic, and environmental factors that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. From this standpoint, occupational cancer is not considered a typical occupational disease, but rather a disease in which work, as an environmental factor, plays a decisive pathogenic role, by Schilling's criteria, which will be discussed below. AbstractLung cancer is a multifactorial disease. Hereditary, genetic, and environmental factors interact in its genesis. The principal risk factor for lung cancer is smoking. However, the workplace provides an environment in which there is a risk of exposure to carcinogens. The International Agency for Research on Cancer currently lists 19 substances/work situations/occupations that have been proven to be associated with lung cancer (group 1). Thorough occupational history taking is not widely practiced in patients with lung cancer, which has a negative impact on the investigation of causality and, consequently, on the identification of cases of occupational cancer. The objectives of this review were to list the agents that are recognized as causes of lung cancer, to discuss the contribution of occupation to the development of the disease, to cite national studies on the subject, and to propose a list of procedures that are essential to the appropriate investigation of causality between lung cancer and occupation.Keywords: Lung neoplasms; Occupational diseases; Occupations; Carcinogens. ResumoO câncer de pulmão é multicausal. Fatores hereditários, genéticos e ambientais interagem na sua gênese. O principal fator de risco é o tabagismo. Entretanto, o ambiente de trabalho é um local de possível exposição a agentes cancerígenos. Atualmente, a International Agency for Research on Cancer lista 19 substâncias/situações de trabalho/ocupações comprovadamente associadas ao câncer de pulmão (grupo 1). A abordagem da ocupação em pacientes portadores de câncer de pulmão é fraca, impactando negativamente na busca da causalidade e, consequentemente, no desvelamento de casos de câncer ocupacional. Os objetivos desta revisão foram elencar os agentes reconhecidame...
ResumoObjetivo: descrever a qualidade de vida (QV) dos trabalhadores com lesões por esforços repetitivos / distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho (LER/DORT) e lombalgia ocupacional (LO)
Brazil is a recently industrialised country with marked contrasts in social and economic development. The availability of public/private services in its different regions also varies. Health indicators follow these trends. Occupational health is a vast new field, as in other developing countries. Occupational medicine is a required subject in graduation courses for physicians. Specialisation courses for university graduated professionals have more than 700 hours of lectures and train occupational health physicians, safety engineers and nursing staff. At the technical level, there are courses with up to 1300 hours for the training of safety inspectors. Until 1986 about 19,000 occupational health physicians, 18,000 safety engineers and 51,000 safety inspectors had been officially registered. Although in its infancy, postgraduation has attracted professionals at university level, through residence programmes as well as masters and doctors degrees, whereby at least a hundred good-quality research studies have been produced so far. Occupational health activities are controlled by law. Undertakings with higher risks and larger number of employees are required to hire specialised technical staff. In 1995 the Ministry of Labour demanded programmes of medical control of occupational health (PCMSO) for every worker as well as a programme of prevention of environmental hazards (PPRA). This was considered as a positive measure for the improvement of working conditions and health at work. Physicians specialising in occupational medicine are the professionals more often hired by the enterprises. Reference centres (CRSTs) for workers' health are connected to the State or City Health Secretariat primary health care units. They exist in more populated areas and are accepted by workers as the best way to accomplish the diagnosis of occupational diseases. There is important participation by the trade unions in the management of these reference centres. For 30 years now employers organisations have also kept specialised services for safety and occupational health. Although they are better equipped they are less well used by the workers than the CRSTs. At the federal level, activities concerned with occupational health are connected to three ministries: Labour, Health and Social Security. The Ministry of Labour enacts legislation on hygiene, safety and occupational medicine, performs inspections through its regional units and runs a number of research projects. The Ministry of Health provides medical care for workers injured or affected by occupational diseases and also has surveillance programmes for certain occupational diseases. The Ministry of Social Security provides rehabilitation and compensation for registered workers. In spite of a decrease in the number of accidents at work during the past 25 years, working conditions have not improved. Changes in the laws of social security in the 1970s discouraged registration and reporting of occupational injuries and diseases. In consequence death rates due to accidents increased. With ...
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