PTCE of type II endoleaks has a high failure rate because of multiple anatomic mechanisms.

Trichogramma galloi Zucchi is an ef®cient biological control agent against the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) in sugarcane ®elds in Brazil. This parasitoid is also a candidate to be used in pest management programmes in corn, as D. saccharalis has become a serious pest of this crop in some areas in Brazil. However, there is no data on the side-effects of chemicals on this species. The side-effects of promising chemicals to control the sugarcane borer in corn were tested by dipping eggs of the factitious host into the insecticidal solutions. Two different treatments were tested. First, dipping parasitized host eggs at different stages of immature development (egg-larva, prepupa and pupa); and second, by offering treated eggs to newly emerged females. The toxicity of the chemicals tested were dependent on the age of the parasitoid, affecting the immature survival, developmental time from egg to adult, parasitization capacity, adult longevity and the development of the ®lial generation. Spinosad, tebufenozide, tri¯umuron and lufenuron delayed adult eclosion of T. galloi when used to treat the host egg during the pupal stage. Spinosad was harmful when tested against any immature stage and adults of T. galloi. Lufenuron and tri¯umuron were harmful only when applied during the egg-larval development of the parasitoid. Although they did not affect the parasitization capacity, they caused almost 100% mortality of the immatures when used to treat eggs prior to parasitization. Tebufenozide was harmless to T. galloi causing a very slight immature mortality if used during the prepupal development.

Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) e Sua Relação com a Bactéria do Cancro Cítrico Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri no Brasil RESUMO -Estudou-se em laboratório (28±2ºC, 70±10% UR e fotofase de 14h) e em casa-de-vegetação a relação entre as lesões provocadas pelo ataque do minador-dos-citros, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, e a infecção causada pela bactéria do cancro cítrico Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri. Utilizaram-se, como hospedeiro do minador, plantas de laranja caipira cultivadas em tubetes. Folhas inoculadas com lagartas de segundo e terceiro ínstares ou pupas apresentaram índices de infecção bacteriana de 94,3, 98,3 e 100%, respectivamente. A taxa de infecção foliar por X. axonopodis pv citri em folhas lesionadas pelo inseto foi semelhante àquela observada em folhas danificadas mecanicamente e inoculadas posteriormente com bactéria (94,1 a 97% de pústulas bacterianas). A bactéria penetra também através dos estômatos. Aos sete dias após a inoculação, constatou-se uma taxa de infecção 11 vezes menor nas folhas que não foram lesionadas pelo inseto. O percentual de folhas com cancro aumentou aos 14 dias para 41,2%; esse valor é cerca de 50% menor se comparado às folhas que foram atacadas pelo inseto. Ficou demonstrada a importância dos danos provocados pelo minador-dos-citros no aumento do cancro cítrico, uma vez que as condições favoráveis de temperatura e umidade relativa no interior das minas construídas pelas lagartas, contribuem para um melhor desenvolvimento da bactéria.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta, praga, minador-dos-citros, doença bacteriana, vetor.ABSTRACT -The relationship of the citrus canker bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri with the citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton was investigated. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions at 28±2ºC, 70±10% RH and 14h photophase and in a greenhouse. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) "Caipira"cv was used to rear CLM. Plants inoculated with 2 nd and 3 rd instar larvae or pupae showed high percentages (94.3, 98.3 and 100%, respectively) of bacteriuminfected leaves. The damage caused by this insect was responsible for the increase in citrus canker infestation. The leaf infection rate by X. axonopodis pv citri on pre-injured leaves was similar to that observed on mechanically damaged leaves inoculated with the bacterium, with 94.1% to 97.0% of the leaves presenting bacterial pustules. The bacterium can also penetrate through the stomata. An 11-fold lower infection rate was observed as compared to the leaves injured by the insect seven days after inoculation. Under such conditions the percentage of cankered leaves increased to 41.2% at 14 days, a value corresponding to about 50% of the leaves attacked by the insect. In this paper it is also pointed out the significance of the damages caused by CLM in terms of the increase of citrus canker, since the favorable microclimatic conditions of temperature and relative humidity inside the mines built by the larvae account for an improved development o...

This chapter focuses on the South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (i) origin, spread and current distribution; (ii) basic but critical information regarding bioecology; (iii) rearing techniques; (iv) known host plants; (v) sampling and monitoring techniques; and (vi) control methods available from both South America and newly infested areas, as well as their potential use for integrated pest management. Some hints are provided on present and future management strategies.

Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, C. postal 151, Sete Lagoas, MG 6 EMBRAPA/ EMPARN, C. postal 188, Natal pretiosum, kept in the laboratory for 3, 35 and 72 generations. Both models showed no difference in the quality of the studied populations, based on the percentage of parasitoids that showed initial flight activity after emergence. The ESALQ model allowed better discrimination between "non-flyers" and "flyers". Second, we monitored the quality of three sexual populations of T. pretiosum, started with one, five and ten couples, during 21 generations, using the ESALQ model. The population started with a single couple showed an inferior quality when compared to the populations started with five and ten couples. The flight test was highly efficient to determine the quality of T. pretiosum populations, under laboratory conditions, and the modifications made in the standard model provided a better discrimination of flyers and non-flyers of the parasitoid.