Este proyecto fue financiado por PRODEP DSA/103.15/15/6797. Los autores agradecen al entrenador y los atletas por su apoyo para llevar a cabo la investigación.
Some studies show interest in measuring heart rate variability (HRV) during post-exercise recovery. It is known that the parasympathetic system is relevant during this process, where one of the factors of this modulation is the interaction of acetylcholine and cholinesterases (ChE). However, the behavior of ChE and its relationship during recovery is little known; therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the behavior of ChE and its relationship with recovery evaluated in HRV indicators in volleyball players. An exercise protocol with long-term and intermittent high-intensity phases was applied in nine volleyball players. HRV measurements were made, and blood samples were drawn to evaluate the ChE before exercise and after 24 and 48 h post-exercise. The results show a modification of the variables after exercises with respect to the baseline values (ChE: 1818.4 ± 588.75 to 2218.78 ± 1101.58; RMSSD: 42.64 ± 12.86 to 17.72 ± 12.55 (p < 0.05); SS: 8.76 ± 1.93 to 21.93 ± 10.05 (p < 0.01); S/PS Ratio: 0.32 ± 0.14 to 3.26 ± 3.28 (p < 0.01)), as well as recovery after 24 and 48 h with respect to postexercise (ChE: 1608.81 ± 546.88 (p < 0.05) and 1454.54 ± 580.45 (p < 0.01); RMSSD: 43.83 ± 24.50 and 46.18 ± 33.22 (p < 0.01); SS; 10.93 ± 5.16 and 11.86 ± 4.32 (p < 0.01); S/PS Ratio: 0.46 ± 0.32 and 0.50 ± 0.28 (p < 0.01)). ChE correlations (p < 0.001) were found with moderate (SS: r = 0.465) and large (RMSSD: r = −0.654; S/PS Ratio: r = 0.666) HRV indexes. In conclusion, ChE modifications are related to changes in HRV showing a very similar behavior in the case of the study subjects.
The severe training load of a competitive mesocycle may not be assimilated correctly by athletes, and can provoke endocrine imbalance, muscle damage and inflammation. Supplementation with antioxidants such as Phlebodium Decumanum (PHL) helps protect against such imbalances. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of PHL on the fatigue during a precompetitive mesocycle in volleyball players. Twenty-four male volleyball players were divided into two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group was supplemented with three PHL capsules in the morning and three in the afternoon for 20 days. Blood samples were taken before training, at the end of the third week and at the end of the fourth week to evaluate creatine kinase (CK), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and cortisol. The results show the control group, the third Cortisol were significantly increased (p < .05). In the experimental group, however, a significant increase (p < .05) was only observed in the third IL-10 value. In addition, significant differences (p < .05) were observed between the control and experimental groups in the second CK. Furthermore, there were moderate variations (effect size, ES > 0.5; 90% CI) in CK, IL-6 and TNF-α. In conclusion, PHL supplementation during a precompetitive mesocycle by volleyball players protects against the muscle damage, inflammatory modulation and cortisol response caused by fatigue. Keywords: Inflammation, Cortisol, Antioxidants, Inflammatory response, Muscle damage.
Background: Stress and anxiety related to post-injury trauma in athletes is a latent problem in sport. The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) allows sports psychologists to intervene with their athletes more effectively to help them into their recovery and achieve peak sport performance. Objectives: Analyze the EMDR therapy effect in the psychophysiological responses of four athletes with stress related to a traumatic event during sports practice. Methods: Four athletes (22.25 ± 1.71 years; 11.5 ± 2.65 years of experience) participated in a single-group pre-experimental study. The Sport Psychology Department of the institution approved the study for its application, which also followed the statement of the declaration of Helsinki. The participants had been medically cleared to practice their sport after sustaining a severe injury, but they expressed significant difficulty in performing optimally yet. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2RD was applied to measure the anxiety and self-confidence levels before, after and two weeks later EMDR therapy intervention. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing standard protocol therapy was carried out to identify the dysfunctional memories to be reprocessed, address the abnormal behaviors as trauma consequences, and develop the behavioral changes to manage the trauma. Heart rate variability parameters used as biofeedback were monitored during the EMDR protocol to associate with moments of stress and relief. Data analysis was performed using the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) of Hopkins to compare the results in the different moments of the protocol and study. Results: All four athletes reported likely and most likely beneficial changes (according to the SWC) in their levels of anxiety and self-confidence after the intervention with the EMRD therapy as well as at two weeks afterward. Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters linked with parasympathetic activity were reduced and the sympathetic parameters increase their levels when the intervention protocol induced stressor memories, observing an opposite behavior when EMDR phases let the athlete be relaxed or getting relief. Conclusions: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a therapy is effective to manage a sport injury related psychologic trauma. Furthermore both, LnRMSSD and LnSS parameters of the HRV can be used as a biofeedback strategy for a better efficacy of EMDR-based treatment.
El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de un entrenamiento intenso en atletas de resistencia sobre el comportamiento de las colinesterasas (ChE) tras condiciones de fatiga y su relación con otros marcadores de carga interna. Participaron 18 atletas de sexo masculino especialistas en pruebas de resistencia. Se evaluó las ChE y dos índices de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en tres momentos diferentes, previo al protocolo (BASAL), 15 minutos posterior al protocolo (FINAL) y 24 horas después del entrenamiento (24H). Un ANOVA de una vía con post-hoc de Tukey HSD se utilizó para comparar las medias. Se encontraron cambios significativos en las variables analizadas (p < .001) con tamaños de efecto muy grandes (d > 0.9) en los diferentes momentos y correlaciones moderadas entre variables (p < .001). El comportamiento de las ChE muestra un cambio significativo (p < .001) posterior al ejercicio y una relación con otros indicadores de carga interna. Nuestros resultados indican que las ChE tienen relación con la fatiga en el caso de los deportistas estudiados, pudiendo ser una medida para determinar la carga de entrenamiento.
El rendimiento de los atletas de Muaythai se determinapor características fisiológicas y antropométricas, sin embargo, hemos encontrado un área de oportunidad en la búsqueda de estos datos, por ello, la información sobre los parámetros que deben presentar los peleadores de acuerdo a este deporte son de gran importancia. Objetivo: Conocer el estado de ánimo, síntomas gastrointestinales y sueño, así como características fisiológicas de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca, sangre, orina, composición corporal y rendimiento físico de atletas de Selección Estatal de Muaythai de Nuevo León, México rumbo a un Campeonato Nacional. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo con 17 atletas (13 hombres y 4 mujeres) de la selección estatal de Muaythai del estado de Nuevo León, México (Edad: 18.65 ± 7.33 años, talla: 168 ± 4.21 cm, entrenamiento a la semana 12.62 ± 13.90 horas, competencias/año: 3.29 ± 1.79). Al inicio, contestaron tres cuestionarios online acerca del estado de ánimo, síntomas gastrointestinales y sueño. Posteriormente, se realizó una medición de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca, toma de sangre y orina. Se evaluó la composición corporal mediante antropometría y se realizó una evaluación de salto con contramovimiento. Resultados: La orina presentó un valor de 1.028 ± 0.015 sg, así como un peso de 64.01 ± 7.03 kg y 57.38 ± 6.73 kg, % grasa de 10.11 ± 25.10% y 15.25 ± 3.27% , % músculo de 55.87 ± 5.88 y 38.86 ± 3.03 y un valor 30 ± 7.42 cm y 25.3 ± 9.08 cm en la altura de salto para hombres y mujeres respectivamente. Conclusión: Los peleadores se encuentran hipohidratados, así como con un peso y masa grasa mayor, además de una masa muscular y una altura del salto menor respecto las diversas disciplinas de combate a nivel mundial. Debido a lo anterior, es necesario establecer parámetros específicos para el Muaythai.
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