We report the synthesis of multiwall carbon nanotubes@metal oxide composites (MWCNT@Sn 1-x Ti x O 2 ) and explore the lithium storage capacity and mechanisms in a broad range of compositions. The composite structures were synthesized by hydrothermal method using SnCl 4 and TiCl 4 as Sn and Ti sources, respectively. Oxide adherence on the carbon surface, as well as an optimum ratio between surface area and porosity, seem to be promoted by Sn content, with MWCNT@Sn 0.75 Ti 0.25 O 2 showing the best performance in terms of Li capacity and structure stability. Cycled in a potential range of 3 to 1 V vs Li/ Li + , the composite shows an insertion mechanism reported for solid solutions with low Sn content, whereas at cut off potential of 0 V vs Li/Li + the alloying mechanism expected for SnO 2 is dominant. Nevertheless, the presence of Ti during the transformation of the solid solution impacts positivily the performance of these electrodes.[a] M. Ramírez-Vargas, Dr. M. S. de la Fuente, Dr.
Using master equation and quantum Monte Carlo wavefunction approaches, we study the circumstances surrounding the emergence and degradation of the elusive squeezing of fluctuations in two-level atom resonance fluorescence. For its measurement we suggest conditional homodyne detection (CHD) [G.T. Foster, L.A. Orozco, H.M. Castro-Beltran, H.J. Carmichael, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, pp. 3149-3152, 2000], which is nearly independent of detector efficiencies, which have harmed previous attemps. Squeezing in resonance fluorescence requires a weak laser, so the average interval between emitted photons is much longer than the regression time to the steady state; here, the spectrum of the out-of-phase quadrature is a negative peak. In CHD, moderate fields generate a non-zero third-order correlation in the dipole fluctuations that contaminates squeezing, making the noise nonGaussian. If the probability to emit two and even three close photons is still small the additional contribution is also negative, helping to make the full spectrum a bit larger and easier to measure. Strong driving spreads the photoemission distribution, which destroys squeezing, and the third order fluctuations become responsible for the non-classicality of the fluorescence.
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