Ilhas oceânicas brasileiras: biodiversidade conhecida e sua relação com o histórico de uso e ocupação humana

L’article traite des modalités du démantèlement récent des politiques publiques rurales et environnementales avec un recul de quelques années, en mobilisant l’examen de plusieurs volets : le foncier, l’agriculture familiale, le développement territorial rural, l’agroécologie et l’environnement. L’analyse porte sur les trois derniers gouvernements (Rousseff, Temer et Bolsonaro), à partir de l’approche du démantèlement de politiques publiques de Bauer et al. (Bauer MW, Jordan A, Green-Pedersen C, Heritier A. 2013. Dismantling public policy: preferences, strategies and effects. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656646.001.0001). La méthode associe l’analyse documentaire des textes officiels, les statistiques portant sur les budgets et des entretiens auprès de décideurs et gestionnaires de ces politiques conduits dans le cadre de recherches initiées depuis 2012. Les transformations observées suggèrent l’intégration de différentes stratégies de démantèlement des politiques publiques, surtout depuis 2019. Moins utilisés durant les gouvernements Rousseff et Temer, ces mécanismes sont particulièrement mis en œuvre dans le cadre conservateur et belligérant du gouvernement Bolsonaro, dont la base politique répond positivement à la destruction des dispositifs de régulation de l’État.

Vulnerabilidade de pescadores no litoral sul do Brasil e sua relação com áreas marinhas protegidas em um cenário de declínio da pescaABSTRACT: Vulnerability of small-scale fishers in the north coast of Paraná State, Southern Brazil, has been increasing due to a decline in catches and general problems of access to and management of natural resources, associated with biodiversity conservation policies. The predicted effects of climate change will represent an additional source of disturbance on local livelihoods. This study aimed to describe vulnerability of fishers and their adaptation strategies to ongoing reductions in catches, considered an analogue of possible responses to expected effects of climate change, and to evaluate the influence of no-take protected areas on them. Interviews were applied to 213 households, in 9 villages from Guaraqueçaba, in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. Results show that vulnerability varies in different spatial levels, mainly due to differences in the reliance on fisheries as a source of income, and in distribution of physical and social capital. Protected areas, if not adequately managed, can have a double negative effect on more vulnerable households, by restricting their access to mangrove resources in the present, and by limiting the viability of their favoured adaptation strategy for the future. These results are potentially useful for the development of biodiversity conservation and fisheries management actions adequate to the local level, and that contribute to reduce inequality and build resilience of fishers and the coastal ecosystems they rely on, in a scenario of declining fisheries and climate change.

Sustainability and management issues are discussed for eight fishery production systems (FPS) in the state of Parana´, Brazil, from an interdisciplinary perspective. FPS were defined after a set of multidisciplinary classification criteria, in an attempt to conceive fishing activities as a new level of integration between natural and social systems. Systems were compared using the Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries Status (RAPFISH) methodology, with 48 scored attributes, grouped in five evaluation fields (ecological, economic, social, technological and political). Systems were also analyzed for a subset of 14 attributes selected as sustainability indicators. All systems from Paranaś howed a poor sustainability profile, yet for different reasons. Two groups of systems proved consistent: traditional systems, and the motorized shrimp trawl systems on the coastal shelf. The traditional systems are historically ancient, employ little technology, show a large diversity of fishing practices, and preserve traditional management. The second is a modern group of systems, with a gradient of technological intensification from motor pirogues or canoes to entrepreneurial trawlers; these systems are market-oriented, intensive and ecologically aggressive, but their fishermen have better living conditions. The methodology showed a great potential for offering interdisciplinary interpretations of fishery dynamics, especially in situations of scant information and several systems to compare. Yet, the analysis of sustainability proved strongly affected by the choice of attributes, which necessarily constitute a small, oversimplified fraction of reality. Management should seek a broader consideration of the complexity of socioeconomic and natural processes that govern fisheries in order to recognize differences among systems and adequately address particular development issues and critical points. A viable way to do this could be the consideration of the fishery system as a management unit, with greater participation of stakeholders to better understand the specificities and particular needs of the systems.

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p99-111This study characterizes the fisheries at Babitonga Bay, in the northern coast of Santa Catarina (Brazil), in order to point out management implications of local contexts. Qualitative and quantitative surveys were conducted at 12 fishing localities in the region, assessing fishing practices, socioeconomic features, and aspects of the institutional organization of fishermen. A great variety of small-scale fishing practices and resources was observed, as well as different ways of fishing commercialization, with considerable differences between localities, resulting in part from differences in spatial use patterns. Despite the existence of a few local associations, so-called "Colônias de Pesca" were the main representative organizations. Yet, not all fishermen acknowledged their importance. A low degree of political organization of the fishermen was observed, as well as an apparent lack of leadership, moderate participation in representative fora ("Colônias") and disagreement regarding group union perception. In their own opinion, their interactions with fisheries management government agencies , as well as with partner non-governmental organizations, were weak. Thus, while they realize the worsening conditions of local fisheries, which require management interventions, fishermen find it difficult to communicate with the organizations in charge. Differences in fishery resources use patterns also potentially increase complexity for local fisheries management. Changes in the local fisheries management perspective are needed, with an emphasis on the establishment of collaborative management arrangements (co-management), which could better deal with the complexity of the local fishery context, thus ensuring greater institutional effectiveness.Keywords: small-scale fisheries, fisheries management, resource appropriation, fishermen participation, fishermen organizations, co-management.Serafini et al.: Pesca e gestão na Baía da Babitonga-SC 100 cerca de 1 770 pescadores, distribuídos em mais de 30 comunidades e atuando dentro do estuário e na plataforma ou mar aberto. A pesca está presente nos seis municípios do entorno da baía, sendo bastante expressiva na economia de alguns deles, como Balneário Barra do Sul e São Francisco do Sul, e também na produção pesqueira artesanal do estado, com cerca de 15% da produção estadual, segundo PROZEE (2006). A natureza da região encontra-se relativamente em bom estado de conservação e concentra a maior extensão de manguezais do estado (IBAMA, 1998), apesar do histórico de degradação e contaminação de alguns ambientes (Cremer et al., 2006).Estudos anteriores da pesca na Baía da Babitonga descreveram alguns dos seus aspectos técnicos, socioeconômicos e culturais (IBAMA, 1998;Pinheiro & Cremer, 2003;Bastos, 2006). O presente trabalho procura avançar sobre essa base de conhecimentos e descrever atributos da pesca local relevantes para um enfoque de gestão compartilhada (cogestão), abrangendo as práticas de pesca, os recursos explotados, as áreas de atuação, os aspectos socioeconô-...

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Artigo recebido em 13 de março de 2014, versão final aceita em 11 de setembro de 2014. RESUMOEste artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre os impactos socioambientais gerados pela instalação da Via Expressa Sul, um empreendimento do governo do Estado de Santa Catarina, sobre o extrativismo do berbigão (Anomalocardia brasiliana) na Reserva Extrativista (RESEX) Marinha do Pirajubaé, em Florianópolis (SC). Esse empreendimento causou impactos significativos sobre o ambiente marinho dessa RESEX, incluindo a perda de cerca da metade do banco do berbigão nessa área, e, consequentemente, sobre as práticas extrativistas e sua gestão. As transformações socioambientais decorrentes da construção da Via Expressa Sul deflagraram uma situação de desregulação no uso dos recursos pesqueiros, engendrando conflitos de uso e desencadeando uma situação de livre acesso na RESEX do Pirajubaé. No caso de Pirajubaé, quando se impuseram interesses de grupos sociais dominantes em conflito com os objetivos da RESEX, este arranjo institucional mostrou-se incapaz de proteger os recursos ambientais e de garantir os direitos da população extrativista sobre estes em seu território, como propõe esta modalidade de Unidade de Conservação. Essa constatação permite pôr em questão a eficácia do arranjo institucional RESEX para garantir a gestão compartilhada e a conservação dos recursos naturais de determinados territórios.Palavras-chave: cogestão; RESEX Marinha do Pirajubaé; Via Expressa Sul.