The authors investigated the structure of goal contents in a group of 1,854 undergraduates from 15 cultures around the world. Results suggested that the 11 types of goals the authors assessed were consistently organized in a circumplex fashion across the 15 cultures. The circumplex was well described by positioning 2 primary dimensions underlying the goals: intrinsic (e.g., self-acceptance, affiliation) versus extrinsic (e.g., financial success, image) and self-transcendent (e.g., spirituality) versus physical (e.g., hedonism). The circumplex model of goal contents was also quite similar in both wealthier and poorer nations, although there were some slight cross-cultural variations. The relevance of these results for several theories of motivation and personality are discussed.

This chapter examines the relation between the Five Factor Model of personality and momentary affect in five languages, based on a pooled sample of 2070 (N for English = 535, N for Spanish = 233, N for Chinese = 487, N for Japanese = 450, N for Korean = 365). Affect is described with a two-dimensional space that integrates major dimensional models in English and that replicates well in all five languages.Personality is systematically linked to affect similarly (although not identically) across languages, but not in a way consistent with the claim that Positive Activation and Negative Activation are more basic; indeed, Pleasant versus Unpleasant and Activated versus Deactivated came closer to the personality dimensions. Model (FFM) as a consensual descriptive map for assessing personality (Costa & McCrae, 1992;Digman, 1990;Goldberg, 1993;Wiggins & Trapnell, 1997). Much of what psychologists mean by "personality" can be succinctly summarized by the FFM.In a narrow sense, the FFM represents an umbrella of replicable factor structures resulting from hundreds of validation studies conducted in different cultures (McCrae & Costa, 1997) and with different measurement devices (McCrae & John, 1992). The FFM was regarded as "the Christmas tree on which findings of stability, heritability, consensual validation, cross-cultural invariance, and predictive utility are hung like ornaments" (Costa & McCrae, 1993, p. 302). In a broader sense, psychologists are now moving beyond the descriptive structure of the FFM to the Five-Factor Theory (FFT) of personality . This theory promises to serve as a stimulus to an integrated understanding of personality, to organize myriad empirical findings into a coherent story, and to establish connections between personality and all other aspects of the human condition.The present chapter examines the link between the FFM and such momentary affective feelings as happiness, nervousness, and relaxation. One typically feels happy with good news, nervous before an interview, and relaxed on vacation: Affect obviously can be predicted from the immediate context. What is less obvious, one's affect can also be predicted from one's enduring personality traits (Diener, 1984; Larsen & FFM and Affect 4 Ketelaar, 1991;McCrae & Costa, 1991). It is this latter link on which we focus. The viability of the FFT relies partly on its ability to predict and explain affect (as well as behavior, cognition, and other psychological processes). Indeed, some personality dimensions might predict behavior via its associations with affect (Lucas & Fujita, 2000).Some writers believe that Extraversion and Neuroticism are fundamentally affective in nature (Lucas, Diener, Grob, & Suh, & Shao, 2000;Tellegen, 1985;Watson & Clark, 1997) and recent analyses point to the affective nature of the other dimensions of the Big Five as well (McCrae & Costa, 1991;Watson 2000).The study of affect too is enhanced through establishing its link to personality.For instance, our understanding of the nature of affect will depend on th...

lleno de tropiezos, peligroso, al borde de lo inconveniente. El término «escabroso» es, indudablemente, atractivo. Parece sugerir el anuncio de transgresiones que no suelen dejarnos indiferentes. Esa opinión no ha sido, sin embargo, el motivo de este título. Lo que trato de subrayar aquí es una dimensión de la Psicología Social -su carácter de disciplina «escabrosa»-que, desgraciadamente, no se ha cultivado en absoluto en nuestro país y muy poco en otros con más medios para hacerlo. Me estoy refiriendo a lo que en otro lugar denomino la dimensión crítica o utópica de la Psicología Social (Fernández Dols, 1990).Las bases espistemológicas de la Psicología Social son un problema difícil. Esta dificultad viene en parte dada por las características de su objeto de estudio y, en parte, porque la comunidad psicosocial es víctima de algunos de los procesos escabrosos que voy a comentar en este escrito. No creo que sea ésta la oportunidad adecuada para extenderme sobre este punto, pero creo que una fórmula conciliadora entre posiciones epistemológicas extremas (vid. Rijsman y Stroebe, 1989) es la que entiende el repertorio conceptual de la Psicología Social como un conjunto de signos que constituSlen un lenguaje. En esa definición de mínimos, la Psicología Social, como todo lenguaje, no puede explicar sino mostrar (recuérdese el magisterio de Cassirer), pero puede mostrar de formas más o menos convincentes a través de distintos tipos de signos: el símbolo carente de referentes materiales en un extremo y el icono encastrado en relaciones materiales en el otro.NOTA: El presente artículo proviene, en parte, del texto de la conferencia que, con el mismo título, se impartió en la Universidad de Granada el día 17 de mayo de 1990, dentro del curso «Relaciones intergrupales: actualización y aplicaciones«.

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En el presente estudio se examinan las contribuciones relativas de la expresión facial y el contexto situacional al reconocimiento de emociones. Tras la evaluación independiente de ambas fuentes de información, los sujetos juzgaron distintas combinaciones que variaban en su grado de congruencia. Aunque los resultados indican una preponderancia de la información expresiva sobre la situacional en el juicio global, se señala la necesidad de nuevos diseños que permitan investigar el papel modulador del contexto sobre los juicios emocionales.