Introducción: la osteoporosis es la enfermedad ósea metabólica más común. Entre sus causas secundarias se encuentra la deficiencia de vitamina D (VD), la cual predispone además a fracturas por fragilidad e incrementa el riesgo de caídas. También confiere un riesgo incrementado de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular, diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y 2.
Objetivo: el objetivo principal del estudio fue determinar los niveles de vitamina D en la población y correlacionarlos con diferentes variables clínicas, de laboratorio y densitométricas.
Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, de una cohorte de pacientes donde se analizaron datos secundarios de mujeres posmenopáusicas colombianas con diagnóstico de osteoporosis y osteopenia (N=205). Se analizaron 46 variables donde se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos y regresiones lineales múltiples para determinar correlaciones.
Resultados: la prevalencia de niveles insuficientes de vitamina D fue 55.1%, (n=113), deficientes 16.6% (n=34), y adecuados sólo 28.29% (n=58). Al comparar los pacientes con niveles deficientes e insuficientes, se encontró que los pacientes con niveles de vitamina D deficientes fue un factor de riesgo para la presencia de fracturas vertebrales, RR de 1.02 (IC: 0.96 a 1.06) y para la hipertensión arterial RR de 1.47 (IC: 1.36 a 1.58).
Conclusión: dos terceras partes de nuestra población de pacientes tienen niveles inadecuados de vitamina D, y se encontró correlación con fracturas vertebrales e hipertensión arterial
Predicting Exterior Water Management is important for developing vehicles that meet customer expectations in adverse weather. Fluid film methods, with Lagrangian tracking, can provide spray and surface water simulations for complex vehicle geometries in on-road conditions. To cope with this complexity and provide practical engineering simulations, such methods rely on empirical sub-models to predict phenomena such as the film stripping from the surface. Experimental data to develop and validate such models is difficult to obtain therefore here a high-fidelity Coupled Level-set Volume of Fluid (CLSVOF) simulation is carried out. CLSVOF resolves the interface of the liquid in three dimensions; allowing direct simulation of film behaviour and interaction with the surrounding air. This is used to simulate a simplified wing-mirror, with air flow, on which water is introduced. The film shows very different behaviour on the in-board section, where a film is developed which eventually breaks to rivulets, and the end of the mirror, where the water is rapidly stripped off the surface due to the higher shear stress from the air. The same case is simulated using a fluid film method, which shows that a simple film stripping model based on film height is not capable of predicting the different regimes observed with CLSVOF. However, a model based on wave stripping due to Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is seen to give good agreement, as was a model based on local film velocity, surface curvature and body force. As well as informing the development of a film stripping model, this also illustrates how a high-fidelity simulation can be used as a tool for developing practical engineering software.
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