Fazan VPS, Amadeu AS, Caleffi AL, Rodrigues Filho OA. Brachial plexus variations in its formation and main branches. Acta Cir Bras [serial on line] 2003 vol 18 suppl 5. Disponível em www.scielo.br/acb. RESUMO -Objetivos: O plexo braquial apresenta uma estrutura anatômica complexa, desde sua origem, no pescoço, até sua ramificação terminal, na região axilar. Ele também apresenta relações importantes com outras estruturas anatômicas locais, o que o torna vulnerável ao aparecimento de uma série de variações anatômicas, marcando sua importância clínica e cirúrgica. Os objetivos desse estudo foram de descrever as variações anatômicas do plexo braquial, desde sua origem até seus ramos terminais e correlacionar essas variações com o sexo e a cor dos indivíduos, bem como com o lado do corpo estudado. Métodos: Vinte e sete cadáveres adultos, separados em sexo e cor, tiveram seus plexos braquiais avaliados à direita e à esquerda. Resultados: Nossos resultados são extensos e descrevem um grande número de variações, incluindo algumas ainda não descritas na literatura. Nossos resultados mostram que o nervo frênico apresentou sua origem diretamente no plexo braquial em 20% dos casos. Assim, uma lesão das raízes do plexo braquial poderia resultar em uma inexplicada paralisia diafragmática. Não é esperado que o nervo torácico longo passe através do músculo escaleno médio entretanto, esse fato foi observado em 63% de nossos casos. Outra observaçõa foi a formação do fascículo posterior pelas divisões posteriores dos troncos superior e médio em 9% dos casos. Nesses casos, os nervos axilar e radial poderão não receber fibras de C7 e C8, como normalmente descrito na literatura. Conclusão: Os plexos braquiais estudados não mostraram que o sexo, a cor ou o lado do corpo influenciam de maneira importante na presença de variações anatômicas dessa estrutura. DESCRITORES: Anatomia. Axila. Plexo braquial. Variações anatômicas. Nervos periféricos. aware that this kind of variation is more prone to injury in surgical operations of the axilla and that, the very close course of the second lateral root of the median nerve to the axillary artery may lessen the blood supply of the upper extremity by compressing the vessel 3 .Although some differences were present in our material, a pattern of variations for sex, color or side of the body was not evident. As also described by Kerr 8 , the plexuses studied did not show that sex, color or side of the body had much if any influence upon the presence of variations. REFERENCES ABSTRACT -Purpose:The pancreatic capillary blood flow (PCBF) was studied to determine its alterations during caerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats. Methods: Twenty rats were divided in groups: control and caerulein. A laser-Doppler flowmeter to measure PCBF continuously was used. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored. Serum biochemistry analyses were determined.
The results point to the important role played by cortical structures in the control of interdigestive gastric acid secretion in rats. If this mechanism is also present in humans, it may be involved in diseases caused by inappropriate gastric acid secretion during the interprandial periods.
-Background:Nitric oxide acts as a non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic neurotransmitter in the bladder and urethra. It activates the guanilatocyclase that transforms GMP in cGMP which promotes muscle relaxation. Sildenafil citrate increases the cGMP concentration by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase responsible for its hydrolysis. Methods: 6 female rats weighing 200g were anesthetized with urethane at a dosage of 1.25mg/kg. All animals underwent cystostomy with a catheter P50 connected by a Y to an infusion pump and to a polygraph Narco-Biosystem. The cystometry was performed trice in each animal: right after the cystostomy, after surgical of bladder denervation and 1h after gastric infusion of 1mg/kg of sildenafil citrate. Maximum (MaP) and minimum (MiP) vesical pressure were compared in the following moments: I -before bladder denervation, II -after bladder denervation and III -after bladder denervation and sildenafil administration. Wilcoxon test was used for a level of significance of 5%. -Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira -Vol 18 (Supl. 5) 2003 INTRODUCTIONThe pathogenesis of septic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure, and participation in the ischemia-reperfusion organs like myocardial infarction, stroke, and organ transplantation seem to be involved with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 1,2,3 . The increase in capillary permeability and vascular reactivity has been attributed to ROS generation 4 . The generation of ROS appears to play a central role in the pathogenesis 5 of ischemic, alcoholic and gallstone pancreatitis animal models. In the caerulein-induced pancreatitis model, formation of ROS has also been reported 6 .Recently the N-tert-phenyl-buthyl-nitrone (PBN), a spin-trapping nitrone, has been used to determine the presence of ROS 7 . The ROS effects can be analyzed when spin-trapping nitrone is employed once the nitrone compound reacts covalently with ROS creating a relatively stable radical 8 .The purpose of this experiment was to study pancreatic capillary blood flow (PCBF) changes, using a laser-Doppler flowmeter, to determine whether ROS inactivation by a spin-trapping nitrone (PBN) changes the PCBF during caerulein-induced pancreatitis. METHODSSurgical preparation: Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing between 290 and 448 g were used.All rats were starved for 18 hours prior to the experiment, except for water ad libitum. A single subcutaneous injection of 25% urethan anesthetic (1.75 g of urethane/ 1000 g body weight; Urethane, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was used. The body temperature during the experiment was kept between 36.4 -36.6 C using a thermo controller (made by Béla Kurucz, E.E., Maglód, Hungary). An arterial and venous line was obtained via the right iliac artery and left iliac vein that were isolated and cannulated with heparinized PE-50 polyethylene tubing. The abdominal wall was opened by a mid-line incision extending from the xiphoid to the suprapubic region. The pancreas was isolated and two gauze sponges were placed between the posteri...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
334 Leonard St
Brooklyn, NY 11211
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.