ResumoEntre 2004 e 2006 foi efectuada uma campanha experimental no Alentejo para identificar os pigmentos empregues nas caiações tradicionais e apurar dados sobre as técnicas empregues na preparação das tintas de cal e sua aplicação na parede. As amostras foram recolhidas nos alçados exteriores de edifícios localizados nos centros históricos de 47 concelhos (distribuídos pelos distritos de Évora, Beja, Portalegre e Setúbal), tendo a sua análise sido feita através de testes microquímicos, complementados com microscopia óptica, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier e difractometria de raios X. Os resultados mostraram que, ao contrário do que sucede actualmente, os pigmentos vermelhos à base de Fe (III) são os pigmentos predominantes da paleta a cal alentejana e revelaram vários detalhes de ordem técnica, tais como misturas de vários pigmentos e aplicação de tintas com traços enriquecidos em cal que se afastam, no geral, do sistema de velaturas transparentes. Palavras-chaveCaiações; Pigmentos inorgânicos; Técnicas pictóricas; Conservação. AbstractAn experimental campaign took place between 2004 and 2006 in Alentejo in order to identify the pigments used in the traditional limewash and analyze pictorial techniques. The samples were collected in the exterior finishes of buildings localized in the historical centers of 47 municipalities (distributed among the districts of Évora, Beja, Portalegre and Setúbal). Its analysis was based on microchemical tests, supplemented with optical microscopic observations, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. Results show that, contrary to the present, red pigments based on Fe (III) compounds were predominant in the lime palette of Alentejo and reveal several technical details such as the mixes between several pigments and the use of chromatic layers of variable thickness, that, in many cases, are very different from the system of transparent glazes.

The vision of a borderless world, of people, ideas and products freely circulating within a self‐regulating market, is one that clashes with the emerging legal regime based on the punitive force of the state. After a period of liberalization, seen in the opening of national economies and the promotion of regional trade projects and free‐trade zones, the ambivalence of neoliberalism is manifest in a borderless capitalism that ambiguously depends on the securitization of national borders. Such a changing regime of state intervention is clearly seen at the Iguazú triangle – the tri‐border urban conglomerate that straddles Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina – where the illegality of informal cross‐border trading has been tolerated for decades. Recently stepped up police raids and controls hinder the passage of people and goods, while a new fiscal regime introduced in 2009 in Brazil attempts to regularize cross‐border trafficking by turning petty smugglers into micro entrepreneurs. Petty smugglers – dubbed sacoleiros– can hardly be defined as entrepreneurs and do not constitute an identifiable category of entrepreneurship but, as typical in the informal sector, act on opportunity and need. Drawing on ethnographic research, this paper contextualizes the programmes for border controls and regularizing smuggling inspired by neoliberal ideology in South America.

The emergence of “pirated” CDs and DVDs has transformed street commerce and marketplaces across Latin America, as it has in many regions of the world. The dominant punitive perspective on intellectual property rights defines the unauthorized reproduction and commercialization of copyright‐protected material as organized crime. The antipiracy discourse is focused on the control of the commodity, but overlooks the locality and the spatial and political entanglements of the market for piracy. Based on ethnographic material, this article documents the rise of copied CDs in the San Juan de Dios market in Guadalajara, a marketplace that works as a hub for the smuggling of piracy in Mexico. The purpose of this article is twofold: to capture the emergence of pirated CDs in a local context, and to pose questions about the alleged links between piracy and drug trafficking in Mexico. These issues are useful for understanding the entanglement and limits of criminal and informal economies in Latin America. Many illegal‐labeled activities have much legitimate life in society (or in particular groups), and under such circumstances the state response constitutes bad law, adding to illegality and prosecution, including wars of various sorts, that are morally worse than the original violation. [Heyman and Smart 1999:21]

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ResumenEste artículo da cuenta de la evolución de la protección de los derechos de autor (IPR, por sus siglas en inglés) con relación a las acciones antipiratería realizadas por el gobierno mexicano. La 'guerra contra la piratería' está fundada en la estructura legal del comercio mundial. El argumento central del autor es que la criminalización de la piratería no resulta de un proceso de interés nacional que tenga como objetivo promover e intensificar la propiedad intelectual o el estado de derecho, sino que surge de una perspectiva punitiva emanada de las redes de intereses internacionales y actores transnacionales propios del neoliberalismo global.Palabras clave: derechos de autor, piratería, ilegalidad, México. AbstractThis article examines the evolution of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in relation to anti-piracy actions undertaken by the Mexican government. The 'war against piracy' is based on the world trade legal structure. The author's central argument is that the criminalization of piracy is not the result of a process of national interest which has as its objective the promotion and intensification of intellectual property rights or the rule of law but, rather, emerges from a punitive perspective emanating from networks of international interests and transnational actors characteristic of global neoliberalism.