36During the last sixty years, mammalian hibernation (i.e., seasonal torpor) has been interpreted 37 as a physiological adaptation for energy economy. However -and crucially for validating this 38 idea -direct field comparisons of energy expenditure in hibernating and active free-ranging 39 animals are scarce. Using replicated mesocosms and a combination of energy budgeting 40 approaches (i.e., doubly labelled water, rates of CO2 production and food intake), we 41 experimentally manipulated energy availability and quantified net energy costs of 42 hibernation in a marsupial. We hypothesized that, when facing chronic caloric restriction 43 (CCR), a hibernator should maximize torpor use for compensating the energetic deficit, 44 compared to ad libitum fed individuals (=controls). However, intensifying torpor duration at 45 low temperatures could increase other burdens (e.g., cost of rewarming, freezing risk). In 46 order to explore this trade-off, we followed the complete hibernation cycle of the relict 47 marsupial Dromiciops gliroides, and estimated its total energy requirements, and compared 48 this with a control condition. Our results revealed: (1) that energy restricted animals, instead 49 of promoting heat conservation strategies during hibernation (e.g., social clustering and 50 thermoregulation), maximized torpor use and saved just enough energy to cover the deficit, 51and (2) that hibernation represents a net energy saving of 51% compared with animals that 52 remained active. This work provides compelling evidence of a fine-tuning use of hibernation 53 in response to food availability and presents the first direct estimation of energy savings by 54 hibernation encompassing the total hibernation cycle. 55 56
The increasing stringency of world food markets requires farmers to adjust farm structure and commercial strategies to remain integrated in export supply chains. The goal of this study was to identify and characterize different types of fresh fruit farms with regard to farm structural and commercial strategies for a representative sample of fresh fruit growers from central-south Chile exporting to world markets. A typology of farms was constructed based on multivariate analysis, according to which five types of farms were differentiated from five distinct factors. Cluster I comprised the smallest and uncertified farms (14.3% of the sample). The remaining four clusters comprised certified farms, but with different farm structural and commercial characteristics. Cluster II (15.1%) was composed of farms located further from market connections. Cluster III (23.9%) comprised farms with the highest number of fruit species, and consequently, more diversified in fruit production. Cluster IV (8.8%) was the smallest group, and comprised the largest firms. Finally, Cluster V (37.8%) was composed of highly specialized fruit farms, with the highest proportion of hectares dedicated to the production of a single fruit species. The results show the heterogeneity among fresh fruit farms and support the need for differentiated incentives and technological transfer schemes from the public sector and fruit companies in order to successfully keep farmers within export supply chains.Additional key words: cluster analysis; commercial strategies; farm structure; farm typology; food chain; fresh fruit. * Corresponding author: lauranahuel@uach.cl Received: 27-08-12. Accepted: 14-03-13Abbreviations used: GAP (good agricultural practices); PCA (principal component analysis); SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary standards).
Nature-based tourism is a mobile activity shaped by the capacity of tourists for displacement and the socio-material infrastructure allowing flows. However, the literature has scarcely addressed aspects of mobility in governing nature-based tourism. Taking the case of the National Park Torres del Paine we explore three aspects of mobility in nature-based tourism using the concepts of routes, frictions, and rhythms. Our findings show that the movement of tourists challenges spatially bounded forms of governance. Instead, we argue, new mobility-sensitive forms of nature-based tourism governance are needed that can complement the use of fixed-boundary conservation enclosures.
"Los viejos obreros y sus hijos, apiñados en las poblaciones de Panguipulli y en sus pequeños poblados de Liquiñe, Coñaripe, Llifén, Futrono, Nontuelá, Neltume, Curriñe, sobreviven apenas, mirando las montañas donde otrora vivieron, trabajaron, cantaron, soñaron y amaron" (Pedro Cardyn). SUMMARYThe aim was to inquire on the historical background of Panguipulli Forestry and Timber Complex, a forestry company that emerged in 1971 in the province of Valdivia, South-central Chile. The company managed an area larger than 400,000 hectares and employed over 3,000 workers, functioning under a co-management scheme supported by both workers and state. We carried out a literature review that included scientific articles, books, theses and reports. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted with two informants who were involved directly in the historical development of Panguipulli Forestry and Timber Complex. We inquired in both the underlying social processes and direct events that influenced the emergence of the forestry company. A long period of encroachment on indigenous land and the emergence of a rural working-class resulting from the activities of a novel forestry industry fall within the former. While, on the other hand, key political reforms, as well as the coordinated actions led by forestry workers, account for the latter. We argue that the rise of Panguipulli Forestry and Timber Complex is the result of a longstanding attempt by workers and indigenous people to subvert power relations and domination established from the European colonization of the mid-nineteenth century. The research provides relevant information that contributes to the fields of environmental history and local identity, which in turn offer key elements for a current discussion of forestry and rural development.Key words: forestry history, peasant movements, Mapuche people, rural development. RESUMENEl Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli, empresa surgida en 1971 en la provincia de Valdivia, administró un área superior a 400.000 ha y empleó a más de 3.000 trabajadores bajo un esquema de comanejo entre obreros y Estado. El objetivo fue indagar en los procesos sociales que influyeron en la conformación de esta empresa. Se desarrolló una revisión bibliográfica que incluyó artículos científicos, trabajos de tesis, informes y libros. Adicionalmente, se realizaron dos entrevistas en profundidad a personas que tuvieron directa participación en el proceso histórico de desarrollo del Complejo. Se indagó tanto en los procesos sociales subyacentes como en los acontecimientos que influyeron directamente en su conformación. Dentro de los primeros, destaca un prolongado período de usurpación de tierra indígena impulsado por el Estado de Chile, así como el posterior surgimiento de una población de obreros forestales y madereros a consecuencia de la explotación industrial de la madera en la zona. Por otro lado, importantes reformas políticas así como la articulación de un movimiento campesino-obrero, están entre las causas directas. La investigació...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.