Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is an unprecedented global public health challenge, leading to thousands of deaths every day worldwide. Despite the epidemiological importance, clinical patterns of children with COVID-19 remain unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, laboratorial, and radiological characteristics of children with COVID-19. Methods: The Medline database was searched between December 1st 2019 and April 6th 2020. No language restrictions were applied. Inclusion criteria were (a) studied patients younger than 18 years old; (b) presented original data from cases of COVID-19 confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; and (c) contained descriptions of clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, or radiological examinations. Results: A total of 38 studies (1124 cases) were included. From all the cases, 1117 had their severity classified: 14.2% were asymptomatic, 36.3% were mild, 46.0% were moderate, 2.1% were severe, and 1.2% were critical. The most prevalent symptom was fever (47.5%), followed by cough (41.5%), nasal symptoms (11.2%), diarrhea (8.1%), and nausea/vomiting (7.1%). One hundred forty-five (36.9%) children were diagnosed with pneumonia and 43 (10.9%) upper airway infections were reported. Reduced lymphocyte count was reported in 12.9% of cases. Abnormalities in computed tomography were reported in 63.0% of cases. The most prevalent abnormalities reported were ground-glass opacities, patchy shadows, and consolidations. Only one death was reported. Conclusions: Clinical manifestations of children with COVID-19 differ widely from adult cases. Fever and respiratory symptoms should not be considered a hallmark of COVID-19 in children.

Background:The coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak is an unprecedented global public health challenge, leading to thousands of deaths every day worldwide.Despite the epidemiological importance, clinical patterns of children with COVID-19 remain unclear.The aim of this study was todescribe the clinical, laboratorial and radiological characteristics of children with COVID-19. Methods:The Medline database was searched between December 1 st 2019 and April 6 th 2020. No language restrictions were applied. Inclusion criteria were: (1) studied patients younger than 18 years old; (2) presented original data from cases of COVID-19 confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; and (3) contained descriptions of clinical manifestations, laboratory tests or radiological examinations. Results:A total of 38 studies (1,124 cases) were included. From all the cases, 1,117 had their severity classified: 14.2% were asymptomatic, 36.3% were mild, 46.0% were moderate, 2.1% were severe and 1.2% were critical. The most prevalent symptom was fever (47.5%), followed by cough (41.5%), nasal symptoms (11.2%), diarrhea (8.1%) and nausea/vomiting (7.1%). One hundred forty-five (36.9%) children were diagnosed with pneumonia and 43 (10.9%) upper airway infections were reported. Reduced lymphocyte count were reported in 12.9% of cases. Abnormalities on computed tomography was reported in 63.0% of cases. The most prevalent abnormalities reported were ground glass opacities, patchy shadows and consolidations. Only one death was reported.

We studied the promigratory effect of angiotensin II (ANG II) on cultured bovine retinal microvascular pericytes. ANG II stimulated migration of pericytes by 86% at 10(-8) M, but this effect was lost at 10(-4) M. Migratory responses were inhibited by the ANG II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor antagonist losartan but not by PD-123319, an AT(2) antagonist. Addition of PD-123319 to the 10(-4) M ANG II dose restored migratory responses. The promigratory effect of ANG II (10(-7) M) was reduced by 59% in absence of gradient. Although ANG II augmented the latent matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity of the pericyte by 35%, it also doubled tissue inhibitors of MMPs. ANG II-induced migration was not altered by a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor (GM6001); it was inhibited by ~50% by antibodies against transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1/2/3) and was abolished by antibodies against platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB. We conclude that ANG II induces chemotactic responses on retinal microvascular pericytes acting through the AT(1) receptor. This effect is opposed by the AT(2) receptor. ANG II-induced chemotaxis is mediated by PDGF-BB and involves TGF-beta, but it is independent of MMP activity. It is also independent of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) because VEGF did not stimulate pericyte migration. ANG II can contribute to the regulation of retinal neovascularization by stimulating pericyte migration.

Dr de Souza conceptualized and designed the study, drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Drs de Souza and Nadal designed the data collection instruments, collected data, conducted the initial analyses, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Drs Brandão and Nogueira coordinated and To cite: de Souza TH, Brandão MB, Nadal JAH, et al. Ultrasound Guidance for Pediatric Central Venous Catheterization: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2018;142(5):e20181719CONTEXT: Central venous catheterization is routinely required in patients who are critically ill, and it carries an associated morbidity. In pediatric patients, the procedures can be difficult and challenging, predominantly because of their anatomic characteristics. OBJECTIVE:To determine whether ultrasound-guided techniques are associated with a reduced incidence of failures and complications when compared with the anatomic landmark technique. DATA SOURCES:We conducted a systematic search of PubMed and Embase. STUDY SELECTION:We included randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized studies in which researchers compare ultrasound guidance with the anatomic landmark technique in children who underwent central venous catheterization.DATA EXTRACTION: Study characteristics, sample sizes, participant characteristics, settings, descriptions of the ultrasound technique, puncture sites, and outcomes were analyzed. Pooled analyses were performed by using random-effects models. RESULTS:A total of 23 studies (3995 procedures) were included. Meta-analysis revealed that ultrasound guidance significantly reduced the risk of cannulation failure (odds ratio = 0.27; 95% confidence interval: 0.17-0.43), with significant heterogeneity seen among the studies. Ultrasound guidance also significantly reduced the incidence of arterial punctures (odds ratio = 0.34; 95% confidence interval: 0.21-0.55), without significant heterogeneity seen among the studies. Similar results were observed for femoral and internal jugular veins. LIMITATIONS: Potential publication bias for cannulation failure and arterial puncture was detected among the studies. However, no publication bias was observed when analyzing only the subgroup of randomized clinical trials.CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided techniques are associated with a reduced incidence of failures and inadvertent arterial punctures in pediatric central venous catheterization when compared with the anatomic landmark technique. median [interquartile range], 14, 15,27,29,32,35 mean (range), 16,25 and median (range). 23, 33 c Values are shown as mean ± SD, 3,19,22,24,30 median [interquartile range], 14, 15,35 median (range), 17,18 and median. 21, 26 d Values are shown as mean ± SD, 3,19,21,22,28,31 median [interquartile range], 14, 15,32,35 median (range), 17,18 mean (range), 16,20 and median. 26,27 TABLE 1 Continued by guest on July 31, 2020 www.aappublications.org/news Downloaded from DE SOUZA et al 14supervised data collection and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content; and all ...

These results show that depletion of the liver glutathione increases the oxidative stress and decreases nitric oxide synthesis of LPS-induced shock in rats.

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BackgroundHigh‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is an alternative mechanical ventilation mode proposed to reduce ventilator‐induced lung injuries and improve clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of HFOV compared to conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) when used in children with hypoxemic respiratory failure.MethodsThe literature search was conducted to identify all studies published before December 2020. Eligible studies included a population aged between 28 days and 18 years old, presented original data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational studies, compared the use of HFOV with CMV. Meta‐analyses of the pooled data were performed by using random‐effects models with inverse‐variance weighting.ResultsA total of 11 studies (2605 cases) were included, most of them evaluating patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The mean age of participants was 8.2 months and the mean oxygenation index of those included in the RCTs was 24.4. The effect of HFOV on mortality was not significant, and clinically significant harm or benefit could not be excluded (risk ratio [RR], 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 1.20). No significant difference between groups was found in duration of mechanical ventilation (−2.23; 95% CI, −5.07 to 0.61), treatment failure (RR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.08 to 1.02), and occurrence of barotrauma (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.39 to 1.99).ConclusionThe scarce evidence currently available does not allow us to conclude that HFOV has advantages over CMV and further studies are needed to clarify its role in the treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children.