This paper explores the relation between creativity, innovation and new product development in multidisciplinary and multisectoral settings. We claim that the development of innovative products benefits from the generation of a high number of creative ideas. Moreover, we argue that the idea generation process can be particularly fruitful within collaborative multidisciplinary environments, where firms and Science and Technology institutions coexist and cooperate. Our approach draws on existing literature to investigate the creativity and idea generation process within the frame of multisectoral and multidisciplinary cooperation initiatives, involving firms and Science and Technology related institutions. We then call upon our own empirical work to identify conditions favourable to those processes and some issues that affect the fulfilment of the creative potential that exists in multidisciplinary groups.

Rivastigmine is a drug commonly used in the management of Alzheimer’s disease that shows bioavailability problems. To overcome this, the use of nanosystems, such as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), administered through alternative routes seems promising. In this work, we performed a double optimization of a rivastigmine-loaded NLC formulation for direct drug delivery from the nose to the brain using the quality by design (QbD) approach, whereby the quality target product profile (QTPP) was the requisite for nose to brain delivery. The experiments started with the optimization of the formulation variables (or critical material attributes—CMAs) using a central composite design. The rivastigmine-loaded NLC formulations with the best critical quality attributes (CQAs) of particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were selected for the second optimization, which was related to the production methods (ultrasound technique and high-pressure homogenization). The most suitable instrumental parameters for the production of NLC were analyzed through a Box–Behnken design, with the same CQAs being evaluated for the first optimization. For the second part of the optimization studies, were selected two rivastigmine-loaded NLC formulations: one produced by ultrasound technique and the other by the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) method. Afterwards, the pH and osmolarity of these formulations were adjusted to the physiological nasal mucosa values and in vitro drug release studies were performed. The results of the first part of the optimization showed that the most adequate ratios of lipids and surfactants were 7.49:1.94 and 4.5:0.5 (%, w/w), respectively. From the second part of the optimization, the results for the particle size, PDI, ZP, and EE of the rivastigmine-loaded NLC formulations produced by ultrasound technique and HPH method were, respectively, 114.0 ± 1.9 nm and 109.0 ± 0.9 nm; 0.221 ± 0.003 and 0.196 ± 0.007; −30.6 ± 0.3 mV and −30.5 ± 0.3 mV; 97.0 ± 0.5% and 97.2 ± 0.3%. Herein, the HPH was selected as the most suitable production method, although the ultrasound technique has also shown effectiveness. In addition, no significant changes in CQAs were observed after 90 days of storage of the formulations at different temperatures. In vitro studies showed that the release of rivastigmine followed a non-Fickian mechanism, with an initial fast drug release followed by a prolonged release over 48 h. This study has optimized a rivastigmine-loaded NLC formulation produced by the HPH method for nose-to-brain delivery of rivastigmine. The next step is for in vitro and in vivo experiments to demonstrate preclinical efficacy and safety. QbD was demonstrated to be a useful approach for the optimization of NLC formulations for which specific physicochemical requisites can be identified.

This paper explores, after a brief review of the relevant literature, the characteristics of a co-ownership active interface in which the authors are involved. It is asserted that this interface, creative and idiosyncratic by its learning-by-doing outlook, provides a new cooperation platform for technological co-development and knowledge sharing. Linkages between academia and industry lack vitality and they are hampered by unequal expectations. Cooperation between the two sides faces dissimilar mind frames and objectives, and lacks mutual confidence built upon long-term, regular partnerships. Various approaches to university-industry collaboration are called for, desirably rooted in regional characteristics and allowing for cultural idiosyncrasies. In this paper, we claim that the case under analysis, where both strategic and tactical aspects are agreed upon jointly by academics and firms, provides a sound solution for efficient universityindustry cooperation initiatives.

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Com o presente texto, procuramos sublinhar a recente renovação da produção historiográfica sobre a Grande Guerra. Nesta perspetiva, fizemos um apelo a novos artigos sobre o tema da Grande Guerra para integrarem a presente edição da História-Revista da FLUP. A resposta à chamada de artigos foi gratificante, surgindo novas e diversas abordagens do tema, que apresentamos aqui de forma resumida.

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Aprendemos desde miúdos que a floresta era, em vários sentidos, uma riqueza para Portugal. Os poetas laureados ajudavam a inculcar essa ideia, consagrando-lhe odes majestosas que circulavam nos livros escolares e ficavam no ouvido. Rituais como o «dia da árvore» criavam a responsabilidade cívica de sermos militantes pela floresta.