Trichoderma stromaticum, T. rossicum and newly discovered species form a unique lineage in Trichoderma. Phylogenetic and phenotypic diversity in Trichoderma stromaticum are examined in the light of reported differences in ecological parameters and AFLP patterns. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis using 4 genes (tef1, rbp2, cal, chi18-5) did not reveal phylogenetic basis for the two reported divergent AFLP patterns or for ecological parameters; however, this analysis does indicate incomplete speciation with one supported clade derived from within T. stromaticum that corresponds to AFLP Group 2 of de Souza et al. (2006, Phytopathology 96:61-67). Trichoderma stromaticum is known only from tropical America and is typically found in association with Theobroma cacao infected with Moniliophthora perniciosa. It is reported here for the first time on pseudostromata of M. roreri in Peru. Strains of T. stromaticum also have been isolated as endophytes from stems of Theo. cacao. There are no recognized close relatives of T.stromaticum in tropical America. The closest relatives of T. stromaticum are collected in Africa and Thailand; somewhat more distantly related are T. rossicum and T. barbatum, both found in north temperate regions.
Glioblastomas (GBM) are aggressive brain tumors with very poor prognosis. While silver nanoparticles represent a potential new strategy for anticancer therapy, the silver/silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl-NPs) have microbicidal activity, but had not been tested against tumor cells. Here, we analyzed the effect of biogenically produced Ag/AgCl-NPs (from yeast cultures) on the proliferation of GBM02 glioblastoma cells (and of human astrocytes) by automated, image-based high-content analysis (HCA). We compared the effect of 0.1-5.0 µg mL Ag/AgCl-NPs with that of 9.7-48.5 µg mL temozolomide (TMZ, chemotherapy drug currently used to treat glioblastomas), alone or in combination. At higher concentrations, Ag/AgCl-NPs inhibited GBM02 proliferation more effectively than TMZ (up to 82 and 62% inhibition, respectively), while the opposite occurred at lower concentrations (up to 23 and 53% inhibition, for Ag/AgCl-NPs and TMZ, respectively). The combined treatment (Ag/AgCl-NPs + TMZ) inhibited GBM02 proliferation by 54-83%. Ag/AgCl-NPs had a reduced effect on astrocyte proliferation compared with TMZ, and Ag/AgCl-NPs + TMZ inhibited astrocyte proliferation by 5-42%. The growth rate and population doubling time analyses confirmed that treatment with Ag/AgCl-NPs was more effective against GBM02 cells than TMZ (~ 67-fold), and less aggressive to astrocytes, while Ag/AgCl-NP + TMZ treatment was no more effective against GBM02 cells than Ag/AgCl-NPs monotherapy. Taken together, our data indicate that 2.5 µg mL Ag/AgCl-NPs represents the safest dose tested here, which affects GBM02 proliferation, with limited effect on astrocytes. Our findings show that HCA is a useful approach to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of nanoparticles against tumor cells.
Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in the world, and this crop’s response to climate and soil water storage is essential for optimal management and genetic/yield improvements. The objective of our study was to build a multivariate model to estimate sugarcane yield in the subtropical conditions of the northwestern Paraná region using climatic and soil water storage variables. Observed yield data was used from experiments conducted at the Experimental Station of the Sugarcane Genetic Improvement Program of the Universidade Federal do Paraná. The sugarcane varieties RB72454, RB867515, RB966928, and RB036066 were analyzed in the 1998–2006, 2008, 2018 and 2019 harvest years. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with repeated cross-validation was developed to estimate sugarcane yield given climate and soil water storage variables for crop growth phases. The accumulated degree days in Phases I and II and soil water storage in Phase II of development significantly impacted sugarcane yield. The multiple linear regression model, with accumulated degree days and soil water storage in Phases I and II of development, successfully predicted sugarcane yield for analyzed varieties. Sugarcane production models like the one we developed can improve crop management for greater sustainability and climate change adaption in Brazil and other areas.
Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a vascular disease that affects the central nervous system, which familial form is due to autosomal dominant mutations in the genes KRIT1/CCM1, MGC4607/CCM2 and PDCD10/CCM3. Patients affected by the PDCD10 mutations usually have the onset of symptoms at an early age and a more aggressive phenotype. To contribute to knowledge about the disease, we performed clinical, functional, and neuroradiological analyses of the mutations in PDCD10/CCM3 in two patients comparing the findings with five patients with familial form from CCM1/KRIT1 or CCM2/MGC4607 mutations and six patients with sporadic form. In addition, we have evaluated the PDCD10/CCM3 gene expression by qPCR and developed a bioinformatic pipeline to assist in the possible clinical. The two CCM3 patients had an early onset of symptoms and a high lesion burden. Furthermore, the sequencing showed that P1 had a frameshift mutation (c.222delT;p.Asn75ThrfsTer14) and P2 a variant on the splicing region c.475-2A > G (p.A119Gfs*42). The mRNA expression was 4-fold lower in both patients with PDCD10/CCM3 mutation. In silico analysis, the prediction reveals that the frameshift mutation transcript lacks the C-terminal FAT-homology domain compared to the 212 aa-length wild-type PDCD10/CCM3 and preserves the N-terminal dimerization domain. We also demonstrated a related pathway that might explain the interplay between low-grade astrocytomas and PDCD10 CCM, a possible manifestation of the syndromic disease. The two mutations support the understanding of the protein-protein interaction between PDCD10 and several essential cellular proteins that might contribute to the mechanistic understanding of why some individuals with CCM3 have a syndromic phenotype.
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