Background and purpose: Induced travel demand (ITD) is a phenomenon where road construction increases vehicles' kilometers traveled. It has been approached with econometric models that use elasticities as measure to estimate how much travel demand can be induced by new roads. However, there is a lack of "white-box" models with causal hypotheses that explain the structural complexity underlying this phenomenon. We propose a system dynamics model based on a feedback mechanism to explain structurally ITD. Methodology: A system dynamics methodology was selected to model and simulate ITD. First, a causal loop diagram is proposed to describe the ITD structure in terms of feedback loops. Then a stock-flows diagram is formulated to allow computer simulation. Finally, simulations are run to show the quantitative temporal evolution of the model built. Results: The simulation results show how new roads in the short term induce more kilometers traveled by vehicles already in use; meanwhile, in the medium-term, new traffic is generated. These new car drivers appear when better flow conditions coming from new roads increase attractiveness of car use. More cars added to vehicles already in use produce new traffic congestion, and high travel speeds provided by roads built are absorbed by ITD effects. Conclusion: We concluded that approaching ITD with a systemic perspective allows for identifying leverage points that contribute to design comprehensive policies aimed to cope with ITD. In this sense, the model supports decision-making processes in urban contexts wherein it is still necessary for road construction to guarantee connectivity, such as the case of developing countries.
Este artículo de revisión tiene como objetivo principal determinar las subcaracterísticas o aspectos necesarios para la evaluación de Entornos Virtuales de Enseñanza Aprendizaje, en adelante EVEA, como producto final o terminado; con base en los estándares ISO 9126, 14598 y 25000-SQuaRE. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de información, obteniendo 108 documentos con temáticas como: usabilidad Web, ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje, usabilidad, software educativo, evaluación de Web educativa, evaluación de usabilidad y evaluación de usabilidad Web. De los 108 documentos, se seleccionaron 70 mediante el análisis de inclusión y exclusión; documentos, de los cuales se identificaron las ocho subcaracterísticas de mayor frecuencia estadística y se integraron como propuesta al estándar 25000-SQuaRE.
Se contextualiza desde el Internet de las Cosas y su vital importancia para las Smart Cities y el concepto emergente de Smart University. Estos últimos con sus características: Smart Governance, Smart People, Smart Living, Smart Mobility, Smart Economy y Smart Environment. El propósito de este artículo es presentar una revisión sistemática de literatura sobre el concepto y las características de las Universidades inteligentes publicados en la literatura científica, a partir de los cuales se hace énfasis en el rol de IoT, como un elemento fundamental en la concepción e implementación de proyectos e iniciativas que inciden en el desarrollo exitoso de las Universidades.
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