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[1] Manual classification of fast ice, pack ice, and polynya (open water and thin ice) in Storfjorden from ERS-2 SAR images during winters 1998 to 2001 was used to determine model parameters in a wind-driven polynya width model. Production of ice in the classified areas was then calculated from surface heat balance. The modeled open water area occupied on average 10% of the total area and produced 58% of the total ice (T ice ). The volume of brine-enriched shelf water (BSW; V bsw ) was estimated to be in the range 0.9-1.1 Â 10 12 m 3 or 0.06-0.07 Sv (freezing period average) and 0.03-0.04 Sv (annual average). The strength of the northerly wind component seemed to dominate over net heat flux as cause of variability in T ice . Salinity of BSW (S bsw ) was found to be primarily governed by frazil ice production, whereas V bsw was mostly determined from T ice and surface salinity (initial and change during winter). Correlation studies of modeled time series of winter mean polynya area and T ice in winters 1970 to 2001 showed that interannual variability could partly be explained by variability in regional ice and ocean conditions, and partly by the strength of the southwesterlies from the North Atlantic or the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Strong southerly winds (high NAO) may give less Arctic ice import and ice production in the western Barents Sea, resulting in a higher surface salinity in Storfjorden in fall. The resulting weak stability in the water column may give favorable conditions for producing large V bsw the following winter. If strong northerly winds over Storfjorden are associated with low NAO, rapid transitions from high to low NAO would give high V bsw and S bsw . The link to NAO seems to vary in time. However, the transition from weak northerly winds in winter 1999 to strong northerly winds in winter 2000 was accompanied by high observed S bsw winter 2000 in agreement with expectations.

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Implementation of policies to reduce forest loss challenges the Earth observation community to improve forest monitoring. An important avenue for progress is the use of new satellite missions and the combining of optical and synthetic aperture radar sensor data. Monitoring of changes in tropical forest cover has relied predominantly on optical satellite sensors because of their relative ease of processing and interpretation and the continuity of medium-resolution (10–30 m) observations since the 1970s1,2. Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data have the advantage of providing cloud-free observations, but these data have been comparatively underutilized in operational programmes1,2. It is rarer still for optical and SAR data to be used in combination, despite increasing evidence of the benefits of this approach

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