O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar da qualidade do carvão vegetal, voltado para o consumo doméstico, comercializado nos seguintes municípios do Estado do Espírito Santo: Alegre; Jerônimo Monteiro e Cachoeiro de Itapemirim. Foram analisadas características do carvão vegetal, tais como a densidade relativa aparente, umidade, teor de materiais voláteis, teor de cinzas, teor de carbono fixo, poder calorífico superior, análise elementar e os resultados foram comparados com os parâmetros exigidos pelo Selo Premium do Estado de São Paulo. Verificou-se que, apenas uma amostra no município de Alegre e outra amostra no município de Jerônimo Monteiro não apresentaram qualidade satisfatória para o consumo doméstico. Já no município de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, todas as amostras apresentaram melhores qualidades físicas e químicas, em média, quando comparado aos carvões comercializados nos outros dois municípios, todavia, não atendiam às especificações do Selo Premium em razão da alta umidade.

Natural lignocellulose fibers have been extensively investigated and applied as a reinforcement of polymer composites in industrial applications from food packing to automotive parts. Among the advantages of natural fibers stands their relatively low cost and sustainable characteristics. These are accentuated in the case of residual fibers such as those obtained from coffee husks, an agribusiness waste, usually burnt or disposed into the environment. As composite reinforcement, hydrophilic natural fibers display adhesion problems to the most hydrophobic polymer matrices. This adhesion might be improved with distinct types of fibers surface treatments. In the present work, the effectiveness of three surface treatments applied to coffee husk fiber wastes (CHFW) were investigated, aiming to improve the tensile performance of castor oil-based polyurethane (COPU) biocomposites. The effects of treatments associated with (i) chemical with sodium hydroxide, (ii) physical by temperature and pressure and hydrothermic treatment, and (iii) biological by fermentation with Phanerochaete Chrysosporium fungus were evaluated by means of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses and morphology by scanning electron microscopy for different concentration of NaOH, different hydrothermic times at 121 °C/98 kPa and exposition to P. chrysosporium. The most effective treatment was the hydrothermal one at 121 °C and 98.06 kPa for 30 min. Preliminary tensile tests were performed in COPU biocomposites reinforced with 20% CHFWs subjected to the optimized conditions for each distinct type of treatment. The results indicated that the hydrothermal treatment promoted significant enhancement in the fiber/matrix interfacial bond, increasing the tensile strength up to 60% compared to COPU reinforced with in natura CHFWs fibers. It is important to mention that these composites can be applied as plastic wood for household items’ internal parts and in the automobile industry.

Growth in world demand for wood implies a search for new fast growing species with silvicultural potential, and in this scenario for native species such as Paricá . Thus, the objective of this study was determining the physical and mechanical wood properties of the Schizolobium amazonicum species (known as Paricá in Brazil). Trees were collected from commercial plantations located in the north of Brazil with ages of 5, 7, 9 and 11 years. Four logs from trees of each age in the longitudinal direction of the trees were obtained, and later a diametrical plank of each log was taken to manufacture the specimens which were used to evaluate some physical and mechanical properties of the wood. The basic density of Paricá was reduced in the basetop direction and no difference between the radial positions was observed, while the average basic density of this wood was characterized as low. The region close to the bark showed less longitudinal contraction and also greater homogeneity of this property along the trunk, while for tangential contraction the smallest variation was found in the region near the pith. Paricá wood contraction was characterized as low. Age influenced most of the mechanical properties, where logs from the base had the highest values of mechanical strength.

ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extractives soluble in hot water, besides final carbonization temperatures, on the gravimetric yield and properties of charcoal for waste of three native forest species from the Amazon region. Waste cuttings of Ipé, Grapia and Maçaranduba species, from the machine processing for joinery of a company in the State of Pará, were used. Carbonization was carried out in an adapted electric furnace with a heating rate of 1.67°C min -1 and final temperatures of 500, 600 and 700°C. The waste was carbonized fresh after extraction in hot water to remove extractives. Gravimetric yields were analyzed, as well as chemical features and high heating value. In the evaluation of the experiment, arranged in a factorial scheme with three factors (species x temperature x material with and without extraction), and Principal Component Analysis used too. The presence of extractives (soluble in hot water) from wood waste had little influence on the gravimetric yield and immediate chemical composition of charcoal; however, it showed a greater high heating value and lower contents of hydrogen and nitrogen. The increase in the final carbonization temperature reduced the gravimetric yield in charcoal, the content of volatile materials and hydrogen, with a higher content of fixed carbon, carbon and high heating value. The treatments with the best energy characteristics were obtained from Ipé and Maçaranduba charcoals with extractives produced at 600°C, in addition to Ipê and Maçaranduba charcoals with and without extractives obtained at 700°C. EFEITO DOS EXTRATIVOS E TEMPERATURA DE CARBONIZAÇÃO NAS CARACTERÍSTICAS ENERGÉTICAS DE RESÍDUOS MADEIREIROS DA AMAZÔNIARESUMO: O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos extrativos solúveis em água quente e temperatura final de carbonização no rendimento gravimétrico e propriedades do carvão vegetal em resíduos de três espécies florestais nativas, provenientes da região amazônica. Foram utilizados resíduos de aparas das espécies de ipê, garapa e maçaranduba, provenientes do processamento de usinagem da marcenaria de uma empresa do estado do Pará. As carbonizações foram realizadas em forno elétrico adaptado utilizando uma taxa de aquecimento de 1,67°C min -1 e temperaturas finais de 500, 600 e 700ºC. Os resíduos foram carbonizados in natura e após extração em água quente para remoção dos extrativos. Foram analisados os rendimentos gravimétricos, as análises químicas e o poder calorífico superior. A presença de extrativos solúveis em água quente dos resíduos das madeiras pouco influenciaram no rendimento gravimétrico e na composição química imediata do carvão vegetal, contudo apresentou maior poder calorífico superior, menor teor de hidrogênio e nitrogênio. O aumento da temperatura final de carbonização reduziu o rendimento gravimétrico em carvão vegetal, o teor de materiais voláteis e de hidrogênio, havendo aumento do teor de carbono fixo, teor de carbono e poder calorífico superior. Os tratamentos com as melhores características energéticas fo...

3RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da idade, da irrigação e do espaçamento na composição química da madeira de eucalipto. O material utilizado constituiu de dois clones de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla com idades de seis e 12 meses, provenientes de plantios em duas regiões, uma irrigada e outra não irrigada, com espaçamentos de 3 x 0,5; 1,5 x 2; 3 x 1; 3 x 2; e 3 x 3 m. Na análise química da madeira, foi realizada uma amostragem composta dos seis discos obtidos ao longo do fuste das árvores. Ao final do trabalho, foi possível verificar a influência da idade, do espaçamento e da irrigação na composição química da madeira e que o teor de holocelulose não seguiu padrão de tendência, havendo diferentes resultados em cada tratamento. Maiores valores de teor de extrativos ocorreram nos clones não irrigados e com idade de seis meses, não sendo verificadas influências dos espaçamentos. Os maiores resultados de teor de lignina foram obtidos nos maiores espaçamentos, embora não tenha sido verificado tendência de resultados de teor de lignina para idade e tratamento com irrigação. O teor de cinzas foi superior na idade de seis meses, e não se verificou tendência de resultados nos diferentes espaçamentos e regiões.Palavras-chave: Plantio de curta rotação; Madeira para energia; Química da madeira. EFFECT OF SPACING, AGE AND IRRIGATION IN CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF EUCALYPTUS WOOD

The cell wall of plant fibers may contain irregular regions called dislocations. This study evaluated the effect of chemical pretreatment as a mechanochemical dislocation initiator in unbleached and bleached Eucalyptus sp. fibers. Accordingly, bleached and unbleached pulps of eucalyptus were subjected to chemical pretreatments with sodium hydroxide at concentrations of 5% for 2 h, 10% for 1 h and 10% for 2 h or with hydrogen peroxide. The extent of dislocations was evaluated by polarized light microscopy. Based on the observation, an index of dislocations (ID) expressing their ratio of cell wall as per two-dimensional (2D) imaging and their angle relative to the longitudinal direction of the fiber were estimated. Chemical pretreatments increased the ID for bleached and unbleached fibers as well as increased the changes in the curl of bleached and unbleached fibers for chemical pretreatments. Chemical pretreatment extracted the hemicellulose of the fiber cell wall causing some fiber to curl, which in turn generated new dislocations and modifications in the dislocation angles which may be useful for improving the deconstruction process of the cellulose fibers.

This paper provides proof of concept that activated carbon (AC) may be readily produced using limited conversion methods and resources from sawdust of massaranduba (Manilkara huberi) wood, thereby obtaining value-added products. Sawdust was sieved and heat-treated in an oxygen-free muffle furnace at 500 °C to produce charcoal. The charcoal was activated in a tubular electric furnace at 850 °C while being purged with CO2 gas. Microstructural, thermal and physical properties of the three components: sawdust, charcoal and AC were compared by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), density and water adsorption/desorption measurements. The resulting AC had a large surface area as measured by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) comparable to other such values found in the literature. The large surface area was due to pore development at the microstructural level as shown by FESEM. XRD illustrated that sawdust had a semi-crystalline structure whereas charcoal and AC evidenced mostly amorphous structures. TGA and DSC showed that AC had high reactivity to moisture compared to sawdust and charcoal.

-The research object was evaluating the quality of preserving treatment of Eucalyptus sp. fence posts by the sap substitution method and comparing the penetration through the traditional and photocolorimetry segmentation methods. The fence posts, 2,0 meters long and with a diameter between 8 and 12 cm, were exposed to 2, 3 and 4% concentrations of CCB based-product active ingredients for 10 days. The penetrations were analyzed using two methodologies, one by the Image Pro Plus 4.5 software, using photocolorimetry segmentation method performance, and by analyzing the product retention in four positions of the treated fence posts. The treatment submitted pieces attained low penetration and, thus, the retention values were less than the required for direct contact with the ground. On the other hand, the proposed photocolorimetry segmentation methodology was efficient and could be an alternative to determine a more precise and fast penetration.Keywords: Eucalyptus; Sap substitution; Penetration. AVALIAÇÃO DO TRATAMENTO PRESERVATIVO DE MOIRÕES POR MEIO DE DESEMPENHO DE SEGMENTAÇÃO FOTOCOLORIMÉTRICARESUMO -O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade do tratamento preservativo de moirões de Eucalyptus sp. pelo método de substituição da seiva e comparar a penetração por meio dos métodos tradicionais e de segmentação fotocolorimétrica. Os moirões, com comprimento de 2,0 metros e diâmetro entre 8 e 12 cm, foram expostos às concentrações de 2; 3 e 4% de ingredientes ativos de produto a base de CCB, durante 10 dias. Foram analisadas as penetrações por duas metodologias, sendo uma pelo software Image Pro Plus 4.5, por meio de desempenho de segmentação fotocolorimétrica, e analisadas a retenção do produto em quatro posições nos moirões tratados. As peças submetidas aos tratamentos obtiveram baixa penetração, e por consequência, os valores de retenção foram inferiores do exigido para o contato direto com o solo. Por outro lado, a metodologia proposta por desempenho de segmentação fotocolorimétrica mostrou-se eficiente e, pode ser uma alternativa para determinar a penetração de forma mais precisa e ágil.Palavras-chave: Eucalipto; Substituição de seiva; Penetração.