Dry regenerable sorbent technology is one of the emerging technologies as a cost-effective and energyefficient technology for CO 2 capture from flue gas. Six sodium-based dry regenerable sorbents were prepared by spray-drying techniques. Their physical properties and reactivities were tested to evaluate their applicability to a fluidized-bed or fast transport-bed CO 2 capture process. Each sorbents contained 20-50 wt% of Na 2 CO 3 or NaHCO 3 . All sorbents except for Sorb NX30 were insufficient with either attrition resistance or reactivity, or both properties. Sorb NX30 sorbent satisfied most of the physical requirements for a commercial fluidizedbed reactor process along with good chemical reactivity. Sorb NX30 sorbent had a spherical shape, an average size of 89 µm, a size distribution of 38-250 µm, and a bulk density of approximately 0.87 g/mL. The attrition index (AI) of Sorb NX30 reached below 5% compared to about 20% for commercial fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts. CO 2 sorption capacity of Sorb NX30 was approximately 10 wt % (>80% sorbent utilization) in the simulated flue gas condition compared with 6 of 30 wt % MEA solution (33% sorbent utilization). All sorbents showed almost-complete regeneration at temperatures less than 120 °C.
We have identified and sequenced 3614 nucleotides located at the extreme right-end of the bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV3) genome from map units 89.5-100. Analysis of the sequence revealed an inverted terminal repeat (ITR) of 195 bp, and identified five open reading frames (ORFs) designated ORF1, ORF2, ORF3, ORF4 and ORF5. When compared with known E4 ORFs of other adenoviruses, ORFs 1, 2 and 4, which code for proteins of 143, 69 and 143 amino acids respectively, were found to be unique to BAV3. ORFs 3 and 5, which code for proteins of 268 and 219 amino acids respectively, showed partial homology to the E4 34 kDa protein of human adenovirus 2. Nucleotide sequence analysis also identified two potential TATA boxes upstream of ORF1 and a potential polyadenylation signal downstream of ORF5 suggesting that E4 transcripts may be 3' co-terminal.
Highly reactive and attrition-resistant ZnO-based sorbents that are suitable for bubbling fluidized-bed reactors can be produced using the spray-drying method. Most of the ZnO-based sorbents prepared here (ZAC-X, X ) 18N-25N) satisfy the physical and chemical criteria for bubbling fluidized-bed application [spherical shape, average particle size, 90-110 µm; size distribution, 40-230 µm; bulk density, 0.9-1.0 g/mL; attrition index (AI), 40-80%; sulfur sorption capacity, 14-17 wt %; sorbent use, 70-80%]. The performance test of the ZAC-C sorbent at Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) with a bubbling fluidized-bed for 70 h also demonstrated that it had good sulfidation and regeneration performance (11 wt % sorption capacity and 52% sorbent use) as well as reasonable attrition resistance (1.1% attrition loss for 70 h).
A ZnO-based sorbent, ZAC 32N, applicable to transport reactors was successfully prepared by the spraydrying technique. Another sorbent, ZAC 32SU, was prepared by scale-up preparation of ZAC 32N sorbent. The physical properties of the sorbents such as attrition resistance, specific surface area, pore volume, and particle size were extensively characterized and exhibited a good potential for use in transport applications. The chemical reactivity tested in the thermogravimetric analyzer and microreactor exhibited desirable characteristics for effective desulfurization of syngas streams in the range of 450-550 °C. Bench-scale tests for the sorbent ZAC 32SU were performed for a continuous 160 h with a steady solid circulation of 54.6 kg/h. The results showed 99.5%+ desulfurization at 500-550 °C and reasonable regenerability at 550-620 °C. Test results on the physical properties and chemical reactivity indicated that the performance of developed sorbents proved to be outstanding.
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